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Our "No Return Necessary"
Money-Back Guarantee

If you don’t like something of ours, guess what happens next?

No, we don’t request you deliver it to a PO box in the Gobi Desert by carrier pigeon. Nor do we ask you to fill a cursed inkwell with orc’s blood and demon saliva and then use it to complete reams of return forms written in ancient Cyrillic script.

We just . . . wait for it . . . give you your money back. Holy moo cows. And that means you can say "yes" now and decide later.

Will Pre-Workout Pump give you skin-tearing pumps, vein-bursting vascularity, and superhuman strength?

No.

Will it “hyper hydrate” your muscles and maximize your “mind-muscle connection”?

Absolutely not.

But is Pre-Workout Pump the only[1] Some popular pump supplements are all-natural. Some contain the right mix of high-quality ingredients. Some provide clinically effective doses. But only Pre-Workout Pump checks each of these boxes. natural[2] Pre-Workout Pump doesn’t just “contain natural ingredients''—every ingredient is naturally sourced from plants and animals. Pre-Workout Pump contains no artificial or synthetic substances of any kind. pump supplement with clinically effective doses[3] Every serving of Pre-Workout Pump contains 4.3 grams of active ingredients that have been shown to be safe and effective in peer-reviewed scientific research. of 4 ingredients scientifically shown[4] Each active ingredient in Pre-Workout Pump is backed by published scientific studies that show benefits in healthy humans. to increase blood flow, power, strength, and stamina?

And will it help you train harder and longer, and feel fitter and stronger, without a crash or other unwanted side effects?

Yes. Or your money back.

  • 27 peer-reviewed scientific studies support Pre-Workout Pump's combination of ingredients and doses[5] That’s 370 pages of scientific research that shows Pre-Workout Pump works exactly like we say it does.
  • Contains no artificial sweeteners, flavors, food dyes, or other chemical junk[6] While these types of chemicals may not be as dangerous as some people claim, studies suggest that regular consumption of them may indeed be harmful to our health. And that’s why you won’t find them in Pre-Workout Pump.
  • Analyzed for purity and potency in a state-of-the-art ISO 17025 accredited lab[7] Every bottle of Pre-Workout Pump is guaranteed to provide exactly what the label claims and nothing else—no heavy metals, microbes, allergens, or other contaminants.
  • Total formulation transparency (no proprietary blends)[8] This means you know exactly what’s in every serving of Pre-Workout Pump—every dose of every ingredient—and can verify the accuracy and effi cacy of the formulation.
  • Made in the USA with globally sourced ingredients in NSF-certified and FDA-inspected and cGMP-compliant facilities

Pre-Workout Pump is also backed by our “No Return Necessary” money-back guarantee that works like this:

If you don’t absolutely love Pre-Workout Pump, just let us know, and we’ll give you a full refund on the spot. No forms or returns necessary.

So order now, try Pre-Workout Pump risk free, and see for yourself why we believe it’s the perfect stimulant-free alternative (or addition) to a pre-workout supplement.

Will Pre-Workout Pump give you skin-tearing pumps, vein-bursting vascularity, and superhuman strength?

No.

Will it “hyper hydrate” your muscles and maximize your “mind-muscle connection”?

Absolutely not.

But will Pre-Workout Pump help you train harder and longer, and feel fitter and stronger, without a crash or other unwanted side effects?

Yes. Or your money back.

  • Total formulation transparency (no proprietary blends)[8] This means you know exactly what’s in every serving of Pre-Workout Pump—every dose of every ingredient—and can verify the accuracy and efficacy of the formulation.
  • Made in the USA with globally sourced ingredients in NSF-certified and FDA-inspected and cGMP-compliant facilities
  • Backed by our “No Return Necessary” money-back guarantee that works like this: If you don’t absolutely love Pre-Workout Pump, just let us know, and we’ll give you a full refund on the spot. No forms or returns necessary.

So order now, try Pre-Workout Pump risk free, and see for yourself why we believe it’s the perfect stimulant-free alternative (or addition) to a pre-workout supplement.

Notice to California Consumers

WARNING: Consuming this product can expose you to chemicals including lead which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov/food.

Legion Pre-Workout Pump Ingredients (4.3 grams per serving)

Nitrosigine® Arginine (1,500 milligrams per serving)

Arginine is an amino acid found in a variety of plant and animal foods that increases the production of a gas known as nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide in turn widens blood vessels, improves blood flow, and increases muscular efficiency during exercise.[9][10]

Nitrosigine® is a patented form of arginine that’s more effective at increasing nitric oxide levels in the body than other more common forms of arginine, such as L-arginine, and equally effective as the current “gold standard” of NO-boosters, citrulline malate.[11]

Furthermore, research suggests that taking Nitrosigine® and citrulline malate together may produce even greater benefits as they work through slightly different mechanisms.[12]

Research shows that supplementation with Nitrosigine® . . .

  • Increases blood flow[13]
  • Improves muscular efficiency during exercise[14][15]
  • Supports focus and cognitive function[16]
  • Supports cellular energy production[17][18]

The clinically effective dose of Nitrosigine® is 1,500 milligrams.[19]

Caffeine

Hesperidin (500 milligrams per serving)

Hesperidin is a type of molecule known as a flavonoid, and it’s abundant in citrus fruits, especially oranges.

In addition to reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress and supporting antioxidant production, hesperidin stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) in blood vessels and muscles, which widens blood vessels, improves blood flow, and increases muscular efficiency during exercise.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]

Research shows that supplementation with hesperidin . . .

The clinically effective dose of hesperidin is 500 milligrams.

L-Theanine

Grape Seed Extract (300 milligrams per serving)

Grape seed extract is a substance derived from the ground-up seeds of red wine grapes, and it has long been used in European medicine.

It contains a powerful antioxidant known as procyanidin B2, which reduces oxidative stress in your circulatory system and raises levels of an enzyme called nitric oxide synthase, which increases blood flow to the muscles and joints and improves the body’s ability to efficiently use oxygen during exercise.

Research shows that supplementation with grape seed extract . . .

  • Increases blood flow[35][36]
  • Improves exercise efficiency and endurance[37]
  • Reduces post-exercise muscle damage[38]

The clinically effective dose of grape seed extract is 150-to-300 milligrams

L-Theanine

Taurine (2,000 milligrams per serving)

Taurine is an amino acid found primarily in seafood and meat that plays an important role in cardiovascular and muscle function by protecting cells from oxidative stress, supporting metabolism, and regulating inflammation levels and the release of neurotransmitters.[39][40]

Research shows that supplementation with taurine . . .

  • Improves muscular endurance and power[41][42]
  • Supports healthy blood pressure levels during exercise[43][44]
  • Reduces post-exercise muscle soreness[45][46][47][48]

The clinically effective dose of taurine is 1-to-6 grams per day, with research showing the majority of benefits come from ~1-to-3 grams.

L-Theanine

100% Naturally Sweetened & Flavored

While artificial sweeteners may not be as dangerous as some people claim, studies suggest that regular consumption of these chemicals may indeed be harmful to our health.[49][50][51][52][53][54]

That’s why we use the natural sweeteners stevia and erythritol instead. Studies show that these ingredients are not only safe but can also confer several health benefits, including better insulin sensitivity, enhanced cholesterol profile, lower inflammation levels, and more.[55][56][57][58]

No Artificial Food Dyes or Other Chemical Junk

No Artificial Food Dyes, Fillers, or Other Unnecessary Junk

As with artificial sweeteners, artificial food dyes aren’t a hazard per se, but studies show they can cause negative effects in some people, including gastrointestinal toxicity and behavioral disorders.[59][60][61][62][63]

That’s why we use natural coloring derived from fruits and other foods, as well as natural flavoring.

No Artificial Food Dyes or Other Chemical Junk

Third-Party Lab Tested for Potency & Purity

Every bottle of Pre-Workout Pump is analyzed in a state-of-the-art ISO 17025 accredited lab to verify what is and isn’t in it. That way, you know exactly what you’re getting and putting into your body.

Third-Party Lab Tested for Potency & Purity

The #1 brand of all-natural sports supplements.

Over 5+ million bottles sold to over 1+ million customers who have left us over 45,000 5-star reviews.

Natural Ingredients
Natural Ingredients

Pre-Workout Pump doesn’t just “contain natural ingredients”—every ingredient is naturally sourced. We don’t use artificial or synthetic substances of any kind.

Clinically Effective Doses
Clinically Effective Ingredients & Doses

Every ingredient and dose (important!) in Pre-Workout Pump is backed by peer-reviewed scientific research demonstrating clear benefits.

Naturally Sweetened & Flavored
Naturally Sweetened & Flavored

Pre-Workout Pump is naturally sweetened and flavored with healthy, plant-based sweeteners and flavors.

Lab Tested
Third-Party Lab Tested

Pre-Workout Pump is tested by third-party labs for heavy metals, microbes, allergens, and other contaminants to ensure it meets FDA purity standards.

Made in USA
Made in the USA

Pre-Workout Pump is made in America with globally sourced ingredients in NSF-certified, FDA-inspected facilities that adhere to Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) standards.

100% Money-Back-Guarantee
"No Return Necessary"
Money-Back Guarantee

If you don't absolutely love Pre-Workout Pump, you get a prompt and courteous refund. No forms or returns necessary.

Trusted by scientists, doctors, and everyday fitness folk alike.

Previous
  • Sal Di Stefano, Justin Andrews, and Adam Schafer

    "When it comes to quality and integrity, Legion is among the best. Their products only include ingredients that are backed by research and in doses that are proven to be effective in scientific studies."

    Sal Di Stefano, Justin Andrews, and Adam Schafer

    Hosts of The Mind Pump Podcast
  • Dr. Bill Campbell, PhD

    "Legion is science-based at its core. Not only do they dose all of their products based on the clinical doses proven to be effective by scientific studies, they go above and beyond the their competitors by funding new research."

    Dr. Bill Campbell, PhD

    Professor of Exercise Science at University of South Florida
  • Jordan Syatt

    "Legion is a tremendous company run by people I trust and respect. The quality of their supplements is second to no one. And while I don’t use many supplements, the only ones I do come from Legion."

    Jordan Syatt

    Strength and Nutrition Coach
  • Dr. Spencer Nadolsky, MD

    "There are a lot of sleazy supplement companies out there, but Legion is not one of them. Their products are free of fillers and inactive ingredients and they take the time (and money) to test them with independent labs to ensure you're getting what you pay for."

    Dr. Spencer Nadolsky, MD

    Board-Certified Family Medicine Physician and a Diplomate of the American Board of Obesity Medicine
  • Menno Henselmans, MS

    "Legion consults with nutrition experts to make honest, science-based products and then proves they're genuine with independent lab work. That's how all supplement companies should operate."

    Menno Henselmans, MS

    Founder of Bayesian Bodybuilding, Published Scientist, and Physique Coach
  • Kurtis Frank

    "With Legion, you really do get what you pay for. Each and every product is packed with effective doses of effective ingredients, and what’s on the label is what's actually in the bottle."

    Kurtis Frank

    Co-Founder and Former Lead Researcher & Writer of Examine.com
  • James Krieger, MS

    "There are three reasons I like Legion. First, they use ingredients backed by independent, peer-reviewed scientific studies. Second, the quality of their supplements exceeds many in the industry and you know you’re getting what’s on the label. Third, Mike Matthews is a solid evidence-based guy who doesn’t over-hype."

    James Krieger, MS

    Published Scientist, Author, and Speaker
  • Chris Barakat, MS

    "Legion is the only company doing everything right. They make effective products that are backed by scientific evidence, properly dose all of their ingredients, source every ingredient from the highest-quality sources, and are transparent about exactly what goes in each and every product."

    Chris Barakat, MS

    Published Scientist and Physique Coach
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Pre-Workout Pump COA

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I use Pre-Workout Pump?
Will Pre-Workout Pump improve my physical performance?
Can I take Pre-Workout Pump every day?
How Does Pre-Workout Pump Differ from Pulse? Can I take both at the same time?
How Does Pre-Workout Pump Differ from Performance Surge? Can I take both at the same time?
Does Pre-Workout Pump have any side effects?
What does the Prop65 warning on the labels mean?
Can Pre-Workout Pump be taken while pregnant or breastfeeding?
Can Pre-Workout Pump be taken with medication?
Is Pre-Workout Pump gluten-free? Soy-free? Dairy-free?
Is Pre-Workout Pump vegetarian or vegan friendly?
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+References

9. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function.

Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):829-837d. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304. ↑

10. Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS.

Zhao Y, Vanhoutte PM, Susan W.S. Leung. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2015;129(2):83-94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.002. ↑

11. Acute effects of Nitrosigine® and citrulline malate on vasodilation in young adults.

Rogers JM, Gills JL, Gray M. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2020;17(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00343-y. ↑

14. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete.

Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Jir̆í Dvor̆ák, et al. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018;52(7):439-455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027. ↑

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Jones AM. Sports Medicine. 2014;44(S1):35-45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0149-y. ↑

16. Randomized Prospective Double-Blind Studies to Evaluate the Cognitive Effects of Inositol-Stabilized Arginine Silicate in Healthy Physically Active Adults.

Kalman D, Harvey PD, Perez Ojalvo S, Komorowski J. Nutrients. 2016;8(11):736. Published 2016 Nov 18. doi:10.3390/nu8110736. ↑

17. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete.

Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Jir̆í Dvor̆ák, et al. British Journal of Sports Medicine. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027. ↑

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Jones AM. Sports Medicine. 2014;44(S1):35-45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0149-y. ↑

19. Acute effects of Nitrosigine® and citrulline malate on vasodilation in young adults.

Rogers JM, Gills JL, Gray M. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2020;17(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00343-y. ↑

20. Acute Effects of Hesperidin in Oxidant/Antioxidant State Markers and Performance in Amateur Cyclists.

Martínez-Noguera FJ, Marín-Pagán C, Carlos-Vivas J, Rubio-Arias JA, Alcaraz PE. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1898. Published 2019 Aug 14. doi:10.3390/nu11081898. ↑

21. Effects of 8 Weeks of 2S-Hesperidin Supplementation on Performance in Amateur Cyclists.

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22. Evaluation of nitrate contents in regulated and non-regulated leafy vegetables of high consumption in the Canary Islands, Spain: Risk assessment.

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23. Nitrate in Leafy Green Vegetables and Estimated Intake.

Brkić D, Bošnir J, Bevardi M, et al. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2017;14(3):31-41. Published 2017 Mar 1. doi:10.21010/ajtcam.v14i3.4. ↑

24. Green Alternatives to Synthetic Antioxidants, Antimicrobials, Nitrates, and Nitrites in Clean Label Spanish Chorizo.

Martínez L, Bastida P, Castillo J, Ros G, Nieto G. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(6):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060184.↑

25. Effect of Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Bench Press Power, Velocity, and Repetition Volume.

Williams TD, Martin MP, Mintz JA, Rogers RR, Ballmann CG. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(4):924-928. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003509.↑

26. Acute Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplements on Resistance Training: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover.

Ranchal-Sanchez A, Diaz-Bernier VM, De La Florida-Villagran CA, Llorente-Cantarero FJ, Campos-Perez J, Jurado-Castro JM. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1912. Published 2020 Jun 28. doi:10.3390/nu12071912.↑

27. The Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Endurance Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

McMahon NF, Leveritt MD, Pavey TG. Sports Med. 2017;47(4):735-756. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0617-7.↑

28. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on intermittent high-intensity exercise efforts.

Domínguez R, Maté-Muñoz JL, Cuenca E, et al. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15:2. Published 2018 Jan 5. doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0204-9.↑

29. Nitrate in vegetables - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain.

European Food Safety Authority. Published June 5, 2008. Accessed December 3, 2023. ↑

30. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on intermittent high-intensity exercise efforts.

Domínguez R, Maté-Muñoz JL, Cuenca E, et al. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15:2. Published 2018 Jan 5. doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0204-9.↑

31. Nitrate in vegetables - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain.

European Food Safety Authority. Published June 5, 2008. Accessed December 3, 2023.↑

32. Evaluation of nitrate contents in regulated and non-regulated leafy vegetables of high consumption in the Canary Islands, Spain: Risk assessment.

Martín León V, Luzardo OP. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;146:111812. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111812.↑

33. Nitrate In Leafy Green Vegetables and Estimated Intake.

Brkić D, Bošnir J, Bevardi M, et al. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2017;14(3):31-41. Published 2017 Mar 1. doi:10.21010/ajtcam.v14i3.4. ↑

34. Green Alternatives to Synthetic Antioxidants, Antimicrobials, Nitrates, and Nitrites in Clean Label Spanish Chorizo.

Martínez L, Bastida P, Castillo J, Ros G, Nieto G. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(6):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060184.↑

35. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete.

Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Jir̆í Dvor̆ák, et al. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018;52(7):439-455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027. ↑

36. Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance.

Jones AM. Sports Medicine. 2014;44(S1):35-45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0149-y. ↑

37. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete.

Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Jir̆í Dvor̆ák, et al. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018;52(7):439-455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027.↑

39. Role of taurine in the central nervous system.

Wu J, Prentice H. Role of taurine in the central nervous system. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2010;17(Suppl 1):S1-S1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-17-s1-s1. ↑

40. Effects of taurine on plasma glucose concentration and active glucose transport in the small intestine.

Tsuchiya Y, Kawamata K. Anim Sci J. 2017;88(11):1763-1767. doi:10.1111/asj.12829. ↑

41. The Effects of an Oral Taurine Dose and Supplementation Period on Endurance Exercise Performance in Humans: A Meta-Analysis.

Waldron M, Patterson SD, Tallent J, Jeffries O. Sports Med. 2018;48(5):1247-1253. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0896-2.↑

42. Acute effects of caffeine-containing energy drinks on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Souza DB, Del Coso J, Casonatto J, Polito MD. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):13-27. doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1331-9.↑

43. Taurine relaxes human radial artery through potassium channel opening action.

Ulusoy KG, Kaya E, Karabacak K, et al. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;21(6):617-623. doi:10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.6.617. ↑

44. Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

Sun Q, Wang B, Li Y, et al. Hypertension. 2016;67(3):541-549. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624. ↑

45. Taurine in sports and exercise.

Kurtz JA, VanDusseldorp TA, Doyle JA, Otis JS. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):39. Published 2021 May 26. doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00438-0. ↑

46. Effects of taurine supplementation following eccentric exercise in young adults.

da Silva LA, Tromm CB, Bom KF, et al. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014;39(1):101-104. doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0229. ↑

47. Taurine supplementation reduces eccentric exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness in young men.

Ra SG, Akazawa N, Choi Y, et al. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;803:765-772. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_61.↑

48. The Effect of Taurine on the Recovery from Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Males.

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49. Artificial Sweeteners: History and New Concepts on Inflammation.

Basson AR, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F. Front Nutr. 2021;8:746247. Published 2021 Sep 24. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.746247.↑

50. Non-caloric artificial sweeteners and the microbiome: findings and challenges.

Suez J, Korem T, Zilberman-Schapira G, Segal E, Elinav E. Gut Microbes. 2015;6(2):149-155. doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1017700.↑

51. What made Canada become a country with the highest incidence of inflammatory bowel disease: could sucralose be the culprit?

Qin X. Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA. Can J Gastroenterol. 2011 Sep;25(9):511. ↑

52. Artificial Sweeteners Negatively Regulate Pathogenic Characteristics of Two Model Gut Bacteria, E. coli and E. faecalis.

Shil A, Chichger H. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(10):5228. Published 2021 May 15. doi:10.3390/ijms22105228.↑

53. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota.

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54. High-intensity sweetener consumption and gut microbiome content and predicted gene function in a cross-sectional study of adults in the United States.

Frankenfeld CL, Sikaroodi M, Lamb E, Shoemaker S, Gillevet PM. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(10):736-42.e4. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.06.083.↑

55. Steviol glycosides from Stevia: biosynthesis pathway review and their application in foods and medicine.

Yadav SK, Guleria P. CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2012;52(11):988-98. ↑

56. Antioxidant, anti-diabetic and renal protective properties of Stevia rebaudiana.

Shivanna N, Naika M, Khanum F, Kaul VK. Department of Applied Nutrition, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India. J Diabetes Complications. 2013 Mar-Apr;27(2):103-13. ↑

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58. Effects of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) extract and N-nitro-L-arginine on renal function and ultrastructure of kidney cells in experimental type 2 Diabetes.

Ozbayer C, Kurt H, Kalender S, Ozden H, Gunes HV, Basaran A, Cakmak EA, Civi K, Kalender Y, Degirmenci I. Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey. J Med Food. 2011 Oct;14(10):1215-22. ↑

59. Toxicological significance of azo dye metabolism by human intestinal microbiota.

Feng J, Cerniglia CE, Chen H. Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, AR , USA. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012 Jan 1;4:568-86. ↑

60. Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Kanarek RB. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA. Nutr Rev. 2011 Jul;69(7):385-91. ↑

61. Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives.

Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T, Falk M. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;51(1):86-97.e8. ↑

62. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO, Stevenson J. School of Psychology, Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Lancet. 2007 Nov 3;370(9598):1560-7. ↑

63. Effect of food azo dye tartrazine on learning and memory functions in mice and rats, and the possible mechanisms involved.

Gao Y, Li C, Shen J, Yin H, An X, Jin H. Scientific and Technological College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai Univ., Yantai, PR China. J Food Sci. 2011 Aug;76(6):T125-9. ↑

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