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Do you sometimes lack the energy and motivation to get into the gym?

Do you sometimes want to hit the snooze button instead of the squat rack?

Are you sometimes just not able to give 100% in your workouts?

If so, then the Pre-Workout Performance Stack is for you.

It’s two 100% natural supplements that together boost energy, mood, and focus The Pre-Workout Performance Stack contains 350 mg of caffeine, 350 mg of L-theanine, 600 mg of ashwagandha, and 300 mg of alpha-GPC per serving, which together boost energy, mood, memory, attention, and blood flow. ; enhance strength, power, and endurance The Pre-Workout Performance Stack contains 350 mg of caffeine, 8,000 mg of citrulline malate, 3,600 mg of beta-alanine, 300 mg of alpha-GPC, 2,500 mg of betaine, 600 mg of ashwagandha, 450 mg of PeakATP®, and 300 mg of alpha-GPC serving, which together improve strength, endurance, power, and anaerobic performance. ; and reduce stress and fatigue The Pre-Workout Performance Stack contains 350 mg of caffeine, 350 mg of L-theanine, and 600 mg of ashwagandha per serving, which together improve mood and reduce stress, exercise-induced fatigue, and symptoms of depression. :

  1. Pulse. Pulse is a 100% natural pre-workout supplement that increases energy levels, improves mood, sharpens mental focus, boosts strength and endurance, and reduces fatigue.
  2. Stim-Free Pulse. Stim-Free Pulse is a 100% natural stimulant-free pre-workout supplement that boosts strength, power, and endurance, and reduces fatigue.
  3. Performance Surge. Performance Surge is a 100% natural performance supplement that boosts power, strength, and stamina, and reduces stress and anxiety.

The reason this stack is so effective is simple:

Every ingredient is backed by peer-reviewed scientific research Every active ingredient in the Pre-Workout Performance Stack is supported by high-quality scientific studies demonstrating efficacy in healthy humans. and is included at clinically effective levels Every dose of every active ingredient in the Pre-Workout Performance Stack is at a clinically effective level, which is the exact amount shown to be safe and effective in peer-reviewed scientific research. .

The Pre-Workout Performance Stack is also naturally sweetened and flavored The Pre-Workout Performance Stack contains no artificial sweeteners, flavoring, or other chemical junk. Instead, it has natural sweeteners and flavoring, which can confer health benefits like better insulin sensitivity, a lower cholesterol profile, and improved blood glucose control. and contains no artificial food dyes or other chemical junk.

So, if you want some help getting fired up, zeroed in, and ready to crush your workouts . . . you want to try the Pre-Workout Performance Stack today.

You won’t be disappointed.

In fact, if you don’t absolutely love the Pre-Workout Performance Stack, just let us know and we’ll give you a full refund on the spot If you don't absolutely love the Pre-Workout Performance Stack for whatever reason, you get a prompt and courteous refund. No forms to fill out or hoops to jump through. That means you can say "yes" now and decide later. . No form or return necessary.

You really can’t lose, so order now, and try the Pre-Workout Performance Stack risk free, and see if it’s for you.

Notice to California Consumers

WARNING: Consuming this product can expose you to chemicals including lead which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov/food.

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The #1 brand of all-natural sports supplements.

Over 5+ million bottles sold to over 1+ million customers who have left us over 45,000 5-star reviews.

Natural Ingredients
Natural Ingredients

The Pre-Workout Performance Stack doesn’t just “contain natural ingredients”—every ingredient is naturally sourced. We don’t use artificial or synthetic substances of any kind.

Clinically Effective Doses
Clinically Effective Ingredients & Doses

Every ingredient and dose (important!) in the Pre-Workout Performance Stack is backed by peer-reviewed scientific research demonstrating clear benefits.

Naturally Sweetened & Flavored
Naturally Sweetened & Flavored

The Pre-Workout Performance Stack is naturally sweetened and flavored with healthy, plant-based sweeteners and flavors.

Lab Tested
Third-Party Lab Tested

The Pre-Workout Performance Stack is tested by third-party labs for heavy metals, microbes, allergens, and other contaminants to ensure it meets FDA purity standards.

Made in USA
Made in the USA

The Pre-Workout Performance Stack is made in America with globally sourced ingredients in NSF-certified, FDA-inspected facilities that adhere to Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) standards.

100% Money-Back-Guarantee
"No Return Necessary"
Money-Back Guarantee

If you don't absolutely love the Pre-Workout Performance Stack, you get a prompt and courteous refund. No forms or returns necessary.

Ingredients (16.4 grams per serving)

Pulse Pre-Workout

Caffeine (350 milligrams per serving)

Many of us can’t shake the cobwebs without our morning cup of coffee, but this powerful compound is a lot more than a mere pick-me-up.

Caffeine also boosts metabolism, improves strength, promotes muscle endurance, and enhances anaerobic performance.[1][2][3]

The clinically effective dose of caffeine for enhancing performance is between 3 and 6 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.[4]

Caffeine

L-Theanine (350 milligrams per serving)

L-theanine is an amino acid found primarily in tea that’s responsible for some of its health benefits.

It helps balance the levels of two chemicals in the brain known as glutamate and GABA, which transmit nerve impulses.

That’s why research shows that supplementation with L-theanine . . .

  • Reduces the effects of mental stress[5]
  • Increases the production of nitric oxide, which improves blood flow[6]
  • When paired with caffeine, improves mood, memory performance, and attention[7][8][9][10]

The clinically effective dose of L-theanine when combined with caffeine is between a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 theanine to caffeine, but as 2:1 may produce a calming effect, 1:1 is optimal for working out.

L-Theanine

Citrulline Malate (8 grams per serving)

Citrulline malate is the amino acid L-citrulline bound with malic acid, a natural substance found in many fruits that is involved in the creation of cellular energy.

L-citrulline turns into another amino acid in the body known as L-arginine, which increases the production of a gas known as nitric oxide that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow.[11][12]

This is why research shows that supplementation with citrulline malate . . .

The clinically effective dose of citrulline malate is between 4 and 10 grams.

Citrulline Malate

CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine (3.6 grams per serving)

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring amino acid that regulates the amount of the molecule carnosine that can be stored in the muscles.[19]

Carnosine reduces muscle acidity, which increases the amount of work that muscles can do before they become fatigued.[20]

This is why research shows that supplementation with beta-alanine . . .

The clinically effective dose of beta-alanine is between 2.6 and 6.4 grams.

We chose to include 3.6 grams of CarnoSyn® beta-alanine per serving because it provides significant performance benefits while also minimizing the common and harmless side effect of a mild prickling, itching, or tingling of the skin.[35]

CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine

AlphaSize® Alpha-GPC (300 milligrams per serving)

Alpha-glycerophosphocholine (also known as alpha-GPC and glycerophosphocholine) is a compound that contains two molecules known as choline and glycerophosphate.

Choline is a nutrient that’s vital for brain health and function, and glycerophosphate is a substance that helps transport choline to the brain.

When ingested, alpha-GPC increases the activity of a chemical in the brain known as acetylcholine, which is used by nerves to communicate with each other, and provides the brain with glycerophosphate, which can improve its health and function.

This is why research shows that supplementation with alpha-GPC . . .

  • Increases power output[36]
  • Mitigates cognitive decline as we age[37]
  • Increases growth hormone levels[38]

The clinically effective dose of alpha-GPC is between 150 and 1,200 milligrams, with 250 to 500 milligrams sufficient for cognitive benefits and higher doses required for affecting dementia.[39]

We chose to include 300 milligrams of AlphaSize® alpha-GPC (50%) per serving because it’s enough to provide some benefit without eating up too much budget that we’d rather spend on other ingredients.

Furthermore, this dose reduces the likelihood of headaches in people who are using Pulse and Forge together, and especially in people who are using Pulse, Forge, and Ascend together.

AlphaSize® Alpha-GPC

Betaine (2.5 grams per serving)

Betaine (also known as trimethylglycine) is an amino acid found in various foods like beets (hence the name), spinach, and quinoa.

Betaine’s rich in a special molecule known as a methyl group, which is a vital component of many physiological functions, including DNA production, fat metabolism, cellular energy production, and more.

Betaine’s also an osmolyte, which is a substance that helps balance fluid levels inside and outside cells.

These two properties are beneficial during times of physical stress, and this is why studies show that betaine boosts muscle endurance and increases strength.[40][41]

The clinically effective dose of betaine is between 1.25 and 2.5 grams.

Betanine

Performance Surge Performance Supplement

KSM-66 Ashwagandha Extract (600 milligrams per serving)

Ashwagandha root extract is a substance derived from a plant root commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine. It’s known as an adaptogen, which is a compound that causes an imperceivable level of stress in the body that trains it to better handle future stresses.

Research shows that supplementation with ashwagandha root extract . . .

  • Increases power and strength[42]
  • Reduces cortisol levels from stress[43][44]
  • Lowers feelings of stress and anxiety[45][46][47]
  • Helps restore lost fertility in men[48]
  • Improves immune system function[49]
  • Increases cardiovascular endurance[50]
  • Protects against pigments that accumulate during Alzheimer’s disease and is thought to have a therapeutic effect in those with the disease[51][52]

The clinically effective dose of ashwagandha root extract is between 50 and 500 milligrams of the patented KSM-66® brand, with a few instances of over 5,000 milligrams of raw powder being used acutely.

Caffeine

PeakATP® (450 milligrams per serving)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most basic form of cellular energy in the body. It’s obtained through the conversion of carbohydrates and fat, and it fuels the myriad functions and processes that sustain life and activity, including metabolism and muscle contraction.

PeakATP® is a form of ATP obtained from the glucose in corn that’s chemically identical to what our body produces and thus is available for immediate use.

Research shows that supplementation with PeakATP® . . .

  • Improves blood flow to muscles during exercise[53]
  • Increases muscular endurance[54][55]
  • Reduces perceived exertion[56]

The clinically effective dose of PeakATP® is 400 milligrams.

L-Theanine

Alpha-GPC 50% (300 milligrams per serving)

Alpha-glycerophosphocholine (also known as alpha-GPC and glycerophosphocholine) is a compound that contains two molecules known as choline and glycerophosphate.

Choline is a nutrient that’s vital for brain health and function, and glycerophosphate is a substance that helps transport choline to the brain.

When ingested, alpha-GPC increases the activity of a chemical in the brain known as acetylcholine, which is used by nerves to communicate with each other, and provides the brain with glycerophosphate, which can improve its health and function.

Research shows supplementation with alpha-GPC . . .

  • Increases power output[57]
  • Mitigates cognitive decline as we age[58]
  • Increases growth hormone levels[59]

The clinically effective dose of alpha-GPC is between 150 and 1,200 milligrams, with 250-to-600 milligrams sufficient for performance and cognitive benefits and higher doses required for affecting dementia.[60]

L-Theanine

Ingredients (15.7 grams per serving)

Stim-Free Pulse Pre-Workout

Citrulline Malate (8 grams per serving)

Citrulline malate is the amino acid L-citrulline bound with malic acid, a natural substance found in many fruits that is involved in the creation of cellular energy.

L-citrulline turns into another amino acid in the body known as L-arginine, which increases the production of a gas known as nitric oxide that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow.[1][2]

This is why research shows that supplementation with citrulline malate . . .

  • Improves muscle endurance[3][4][5]
  • Relieves muscle soreness[6]
  • Improves aerobic performance[7][8]

The clinically effective dose of citrulline malate is between 4 and 10 grams.

Citrulline Malate

CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine (3.6 grams per serving)

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring amino acid that regulates the amount of the molecule carnosine that can be stored in the muscles.[9]

Carnosine reduces muscle acidity, which increases the amount of work that muscles can do before they become fatigued.[10]

This is why research shows that supplementation with beta-alanine . . .

The clinically effective dose of beta-alanine is between 2.6 and 6.4 grams.

We chose to include 3.6 grams of CarnoSyn® beta-alanine per serving because it provides significant performance benefits while also minimizing the common and harmless side effect of a mild prickling, itching, or tingling of the skin.[25]

CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine

AlphaSize® Alpha-GPC (300 milligrams per serving)

Alpha-glycerophosphocholine (also known as alpha-GPC and glycerophosphocholine) is a compound that contains two molecules known as choline and glycerophosphate.

Choline is a nutrient that’s vital for brain health and function, and glycerophosphate is a substance that helps transport choline to the brain.

When ingested, alpha-GPC increases the activity of a chemical in the brain known as acetylcholine, which is used by nerves to communicate with each other, and provides the brain with glycerophosphate, which can improve its health and function.

This is why research shows that supplementation with alpha-GPC . . .

  • Increases power output[26]
  • Mitigates cognitive decline as we age[27]
  • Increases growth hormone levels[28]

The clinically effective dose of alpha-GPC is between 150 and 1,200 milligrams, with 250 to 500 milligrams sufficient for cognitive benefits and higher doses required for affecting dementia.[29]

We chose to include 300 milligrams of AlphaSize® alpha-GPC (50%) per serving because it’s enough to provide some benefit without eating up too much budget that we’d rather spend on other ingredients.

Furthermore, this dose reduces the likelihood of headaches in people who are using stim-free Pulse and Forge together, and especially in people who are using stim-free Pulse, Forge, and Ascend together.

AlphaSize® Alpha-GPC

Betaine (2.5 grams per serving)

Betaine (also known as trimethylglycine) is an amino acid found in various foods like beets (hence the name), spinach, and quinoa.

Betaine’s rich in a special molecule known as a methyl group, which is a vital component of many physiological functions, including DNA production, fat metabolism, cellular energy production, and more.

Betaine’s also an osmolyte, which is a substance that helps balance fluid levels inside and outside cells.

These two properties are beneficial during times of physical stress, and this is why studies show that betaine boosts muscle endurance and increases strength.[30][31]

The clinically effective dose of betaine is between 1.25 and 2.5 grams.

Betaine

Performance Surge Performance Supplement

KSM-66 Ashwagandha Extract (600 milligrams per serving)

Ashwagandha root extract is a substance derived from a plant root commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine. It’s known as an adaptogen, which is a compound that causes an imperceivable level of stress in the body that trains it to better handle future stresses.

Research shows that supplementation with ashwagandha root extract . . .

  • Increases power and strength[32]
  • Reduces cortisol levels from stress[33][34]
  • Lowers feelings of stress and anxiety[35][36][37]
  • Helps restore lost fertility in men[38]
  • Improves immune system function[39]
  • Increases cardiovascular endurance[40]
  • Protects against pigments that accumulate during Alzheimer’s disease and is thought to have a therapeutic effect in those with the disease[41][42]

The clinically effective dose of ashwagandha root extract is between 50 and 500 milligrams of the patented KSM-66® brand, with a few instances of over 5,000 milligrams of raw powder being used acutely.

Caffeine

PeakATP® (450 milligrams per serving)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most basic form of cellular energy in the body. It’s obtained through the conversion of carbohydrates and fat, and it fuels the myriad functions and processes that sustain life and activity, including metabolism and muscle contraction.

PeakATP® is a form of ATP obtained from the glucose in corn that’s chemically identical to what our body produces and thus is available for immediate use.

Research shows that supplementation with PeakATP® . . .

  • Improves blood flow to muscles during exercise[43]
  • Increases muscular endurance[44][45]
  • Reduces perceived exertion[46]

The clinically effective dose of PeakATP® is 400 milligrams.

L-Theanine

Alpha-GPC 50% (300 milligrams per serving)

Alpha-glycerophosphocholine (also known as alpha-GPC and glycerophosphocholine) is a compound that contains two molecules known as choline and glycerophosphate.

Choline is a nutrient that’s vital for brain health and function, and glycerophosphate is a substance that helps transport choline to the brain.

When ingested, alpha-GPC increases the activity of a chemical in the brain known as acetylcholine, which is used by nerves to communicate with each other, and provides the brain with glycerophosphate, which can improve its health and function.

Research shows supplementation with alpha-GPC . . .

  • Increases power output[47]
  • Mitigates cognitive decline as we age[48]
  • Increases growth hormone levels[49]

The clinically effective dose of alpha-GPC is between 150 and 1,200 milligrams, with 250-to-600 milligrams sufficient for performance and cognitive benefits and higher doses required for affecting dementia.[50]

L-Theanine

No Artificial Food Dyes, Fillers, or Other Unnecessary Junk

As with artificial sweeteners, artificial food dyes aren’t a hazard per se, but studies show they can cause negative effects in some people, including gastrointestinal toxicity and behavioral disorders.[61][62][63][64][65][51][52][53][54][55]

That’s why we use natural coloring derived from fruits and other foods, as well as natural flavoring.

No Artificial Food Dyes, Fillers, or Other Unnecessary Junk

No Artificial Food Dyes or Other Chemical Junk

Third-Party Lab Tested for Potency & Purity

Third-Party Lab Tested for Potency & Purity

Third-Party Lab Tested for Potency & Purity

Every bottle of PulseStim-Free Pulse and Performance Surge is analyzed in a state-of-the-art ISO 17025 accredited lab to verify what is and isn’t in it. That way, you know exactly what you’re getting and putting into your body.

Pulse Lab Test Pulse Stim-Free Lab Test Certificate Performance Surge COA

How to Use the Pre-Workout Performance Stack

If this is your first time using Pulse, assess your individual tolerance by mixing 1 scoop with 10-12 ounces of water and drinking it 15-30 minutes prior to exercise. If you experience any unwanted effects, stop and consult your doctor.

If 1 scoop is well tolerated and you want the full clinically effective dose of Pulse, including 350 milligrams of caffeine, mix 2 scoops into 10-12 ounces of water, and drink it 15-30 minutes prior to exercise.

As for Performance Surge, mix 1 serving (1 scoop) into 10-12 ounces of water containing ½-to-1 serving of Pulse (1-to-2 scoops), and drink it 15-30 minutes prior to exercise.

Mix 1 serving of Performance Surge (1 scoop) into 10-12 ounces of water containing 1 serving of Stim-Free Pulse (2 scoops), and drink it 15-30 minutes prior to exercise.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I use Pulse?
How does Pulse compare to other popular pre-workouts?
What type of workouts is Pulse good for?
Is Pulse pre-workout for men and women?
Pulse is too sweet/strong tasting for me. What should I do?
How many servings of Pulse can I take in one day?
Does Pulse have any side effects?
What does the Prop65 warning on the labels mean?
Is Pulse gluten-free, vegetarian, or vegan?
How do I use stim-free Pulse pre-workout?
What type of workouts is stim-free Pulse good for?
Is stim-free Pulse suitable for women?
Does stim-free Pulse have any side effects?
Stim-free Pulse is too sweet/strong tasting for me. What should I do?
How many servings of stim-free Pulse can I take in one day?
What does the Prop65 warning on the labels mean?
Is stim-free Pulse gluten-free, vegetarian, or vegan?
How do I use Performance Surge?
Why is Performance Surge unflavored?
Will Performance Surge improve my physical performance?
Can I take Performance Surge every day?
How Does Performance Surge Differ from Pulse? Can I take both at the same time?
Does Performance Surge have any side effects?
Is Performance Surge vegan?
What does the Prop65 warning on the labels mean?
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+Scientific References

1. Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers.

Astrup A, Toubro S, Cannon S, Hein P, Breum L, Madsen J. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51(5):759-767. doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.5.759. ↑

2. Effect of caffeine ingestion on one-repetition maximum muscular strength.

Astorino TA, Rohmann RL, Firth K. Department of Kinesiology, CSU - San Marcos, San Marcos, CA. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008 Jan;102(2):127-32. ↑

3. The acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capabilities.

Beck TW, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO, Housh DJ, Coburn JW, Malek MH. Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. J Strength Cond Res. 2006 Aug;20(3):506-10. ↑

4. Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: a systematic review.

Ganio MS, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Department of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Jan;23(1):315-24. ↑

5. L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses.

Kimura K, Ozeki M, Juneja LR, Ohira H. Nagoya University Department of Psychology, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. Biol Psychol. 2007 Jan;74(1):39-45. ↑

6. L-theanine promotes nitric oxide production in endothelial cells through eNOS phosphorylation.

Siamwala JH, Dias PM, Majumder S, Joshi MK, Sinkar VP, Banerjee G, Chatterjee S. Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, MIT Campus, Chennai, India. J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Mar;24(3):595-605. ↑

7. Psychological effects of dietary components of tea: caffeine and L-theanine.

Bryan J. School of Psychology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, South Australia, Australia. Nutr Rev. 2008 Feb;66(2):82-90. ↑

8. L-theanine and caffeine improve task switching but not intersensory attention or subjective alertness.

Einöther SJ, Martens VE, Rycroft JA, De Bruin EA. Sensation, Perception & Behaviour, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. Appetite. 2010 Apr;54(2):406-9. ↑

9. The effects of L-theanine on alpha-band oscillatory brain activity during a visuo-spatial attention task.

Gomez-Ramirez M, Kelly SP, Montesi JL, Foxe JJ. Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA. Brain Topogr. 2009 Jun;22(1):44-51. ↑

10. l-Theanine and caffeine improve target-specific attention to visual stimuli by decreasing mind wandering: a human functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Kahathuduwa CN, Dhanasekara CS, Chin S-H, et al. Nutr Res. 2018;49:67-78. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2017.11.002.↑

11. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function (Articulo de revision).

Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):829-837, 837a-837d. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304.↑

12. Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS.

Zhao Y, Vanhoutte PM, Leung SWS. J Pharmacol Sci. 2015;129(2):83-94. doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.002.↑

13. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.

Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Department of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1215-22. ↑

14. Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females.

Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart RW, Moyen NE. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(2):775-784. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1124-6.↑

15. Acute citrulline-malate supplementation improves maximal strength and anaerobic power in female, masters athletes tennis players.

Glenn JM, Gray M, Jensen A, Stone MS, Vincenzo JL. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(8):1095-1103. doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1158321.↑

16. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.

Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Department of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1215-22. ↑

17. Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle.

Bendahan D, Mattei JP, Ghattas B, Confort-Gouny S, Le Guern ME, Cozzone PJ. Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, France. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Aug;36(4):282-9. ↑

18. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study.

Suzuki T, Morita M, Kobayashi Y, Kamimura A. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:6. doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0117-z.↑

19. Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius.

Dunnett M, Harris RC. Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1999 Jul;(30):499-504. ↑

20. The biological role of carnosine and its possible applications in medicine.

Budzeń S, Rymaszewska J. Adv Clin Exp Med. 22(5):739-744.↑

21. beta-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters.

Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris RC, Pottier A, Reyngoudt H, Koppo K, Wise JA, Achten E. Dept. of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent Univ, Belgium. J Appl Physiol. 2007 Nov;103(5):1736-43. ↑

22. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women.

Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, Torok D, Costa P, Hoffman JR, Harris RC, O'Kroy J. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. Amino Acids. 2007;32(3):381-6. ↑

23. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 Years): a double-blind randomized study.

Stout JR, Graves BS, Smith AE, Hartman MJ, Cramer JT, Beck TW, Harris RC. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008 Nov 7;5:21. ↑

24. Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players.

Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Ross R, Kang J, Stout JR, Wise JA. Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA. Nutr Res. 2008 Jan;28(1):31-5. ↑

25. Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity.

Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Harris BD, Sale C, Boobis LH, Kim CK, Wise JA. School of Sports, Exercise & Health Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):225-33. ↑

26. Effect of β-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacity.

Sale C, Saunders B, Hudson S, Wise JA, Harris RC, Sunderland CD. Biomedical, Life and Health Sciences Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Oct;43(10):1972-8. ↑

27. Six weeks of high-intensity interval training with and without beta-alanine supplementation for improving cardiovascular fitness in women.

Walter AA, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Stout JR, Cramer JT. Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1199-207. ↑

28. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial.

Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fukuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009 Feb 11;6:5. ↑

29. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis.

Hobson RM, Saunders B, Ball G, Harris RC, Sale C. Biomedical, Life and Health Sciences Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, UK. Amino Acids. 2012 Jul;43(1):25-37. ↑

30. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players.

Kern BD, Robinson TL. Human Performance and Physical Education Department, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Jul;25(7):1804-15. ↑

31. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial.

Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fukuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009 Feb 11;6:5. ↑

32. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women.

Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, Torok D, Costa P, Hoffman JR, Harris RC, O'Kroy J. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. Amino Acids. 2007;32(3):381-6. ↑

33. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 Years): a double-blind randomized study.

Stout JR, Graves BS, Smith AE, Hartman MJ, Cramer JT, Beck TW, Harris RC. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008 Nov 7;5:21. ↑

34. Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players.

Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Ross R, Kang J, Stout JR, Wise JA. Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA. Nutr Res. 2008 Jan;28(1):31-5. ↑

35. The effect of two β-alanine dosing strategies on 30-minute rowing performance: a randomized, controlled trial.

Beasley L, Smith L, Antonio J, Gordon D, Johnstone J, Roberts J. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018 Dec 18;15(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0266-3. ↑

36. Acute supplementation with alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine augments growth hormone response to, and peak force production during, resistance exercise.

Ziegenfuss T, Landis J, Hofheins J. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008;5(Suppl 1):P15. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-S1-P15. ↑

38. Glycerophosphocholine enhances growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation in young adults.

Kawamura T, Okubo T, Sato K, et al. Nutrition. 2012;28(11-12):1122-1126. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.011 ↑

39. Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.

Marcus L, Soileau J, Judge LW, Bellar D. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2017;14:39. doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0196-5. ↑

40. The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance, skeletal muscle oxygen saturation and associated biochemical parameters in resistance trained men.

Trepanowski JF, Farney TM, McCarthy CG, Schilling BK, Craig SA, Bloomer RJ. Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Dec;25(12):3461-71. ↑

41. Ergogenic effects of betaine supplementation on strength and power performance.

Lee EC, Maresh CM, Kraemer WJ, Yamamoto LM, Hatfield DL, Bailey BL, Armstrong LE, Volek JS, McDermott BP, Craig SA. Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Jul 19;7:27. ↑

42. Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial.

Wankhede S, Langade D, Joshi K, Sinha SR, Bhattacharyya S. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:43. Published 2015 Nov 25. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0104-9↑

43. Augmentation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and Th-1 cytokines by Withania somnifera in stressed mice.

Khan B, Ahmad SF, Bani S, et al. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6(9):1394-1403. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2006.04.001↑

45. A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy ff an ethanolic extract of withania somnifera.

Andrade C, Aswath A, Chaturvedi SK, Srinivasa M, Raguram R. Indian J Psychiatry. 2000;42(3):295-301.↑

46. Naturopathic care for anxiety: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974.

Cooley K, Szczurko O, Perri D, et al. PLoS One. 2009;4(8):e6628. Published 2009 Aug 31. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006628.↑

48. Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Oligospermic Males: A Pilot Study.

Ambiye VR, Langade D, Dongre S, Aptikar P, Kulkarni M, Dongre A. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:571420. doi:10.1155/2013/571420.↑

49. In vivo effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on the activation of lymphocytes.

Mikolai J, Erlandsen A, Murison A, et al. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(4):423-430. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0215.↑

50. Effects of eight-week supplementation of Ashwagandha on cardiorespiratory endurance in elite Indian cyclists.

Shenoy S, Chaskar U, Sandhu JS, Paadhi MM. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2012;3(4):209-214. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.104444.↑

51. Withania somnifera reverses Alzheimer's disease pathology by enhancing low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in liver.

Sehgal N, Gupta A, Valli RK, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(9):3510-3515. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112209109.↑

52. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Reverses β-Amyloid1-42 Induced Toxicity in Human Neuronal Cells: Implications in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND).

Kurapati KRV, Atluri VSR, Samikkannu T, Nair MPN. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77624. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0077624.↑

53. Effects of oral ATP supplementation on anaerobic power and muscular strength.

Jordan AN, Jurca R, Abraham EH, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(6):983-990. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000128198.97260.8b. ↑

54 A Single Dose of Oral ATP Supplementation Improves Performance and Physiological Response During Lower Body Resistance Exercise in Recreational Resistance-Trained Males.

Freitas MC, Cholewa JM, Gerosa-Neto J, et al. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(12):3345-3352. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002198.↑

55. Dose Response of Acute ATP Supplementation on Strength Training Performance.

Dos Santos Nunes de Moura HP, Jäger R, Purpura M, Rathmacher JA, Fuller JC Jr, Rossi FE. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:780459. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.780459.↑

56. Dose Response of Acute ATP Supplementation on Strength Training Performance.

Dos Santos Nunes de Moura HP, Jäger R, Purpura M, Rathmacher JA, Fuller JC Jr, Rossi FE. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:780459. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.780459.↑

57. Acute supplementation with alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine augments growth hormone response to, and peak force production during, resistance exercise.

Ziegenfuss T, Landis J, Hofheins J. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008;5(Suppl 1):P15. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-S1-P15. ↑

59. Glycerophosphocholine enhances growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation in young adults.

Kawamura T, Okubo T, Sato K, et al. Nutrition. 2012;28(11-12):1122-1126. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.011 ↑

60. Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.

Marcus L, Soileau J, Judge LW, Bellar D. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2017;14:39. doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0196-5. ↑

61. Toxicological significance of azo dye metabolism by human intestinal microbiota.

Feng J, Cerniglia CE, Chen H. Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, AR , USA. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012 Jan 1;4:568-86. ↑

62. Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Kanarek RB. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA. Nutr Rev. 2011 Jul;69(7):385-91. ↑

63. Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives.

Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T, Falk M. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;51(1):86-97.e8. ↑

64. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO, Stevenson J. School of Psychology, Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Lancet. 2007 Nov 3;370(9598):1560-7. ↑

65. Effect of food azo dye tartrazine on learning and memory functions in mice and rats, and the possible mechanisms involved.

Gao Y, Li C, Shen J, Yin H, An X, Jin H. Scientific and Technological College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai Univ., Yantai, PR China. J Food Sci. 2011 Aug;76(6):T125-9. ↑

66. Toxicological significance of azo dye metabolism by human intestinal microbiota.

Feng J, Cerniglia CE, Chen H. Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, AR , USA. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012 Jan 1;4:568-86. ↑

67. Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Kanarek RB. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA. Nutr Rev. 2011 Jul;69(7):385-91. ↑

68. Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives.

Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T, Falk M. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;51(1):86-97.e8. ↑

69. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO, Stevenson J. School of Psychology, Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Lancet. 2007 Nov 3;370(9598):1560-7. ↑

70. Effect of food azo dye tartrazine on learning and memory functions in mice and rats, and the possible mechanisms involved.

Gao Y, Li C, Shen J, Yin H, An X, Jin H. Scientific and Technological College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai Univ., Yantai, PR China. J Food Sci. 2011 Aug;76(6):T125-9. ↑

1. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function (Articulo de revision).

Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):829-837, 837a-837d. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304.↑

2. Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS.

Zhao Y, Vanhoutte PM, Leung SWS. J Pharmacol Sci. 2015;129(2):83-94. doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.002.↑

3. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.

Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Department of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1215-22. ↑

4. Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females.

Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart RW, Moyen NE. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(2):775-784. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1124-6.↑

5. Acute citrulline-malate supplementation improves maximal strength and anaerobic power in female, masters athletes tennis players.

Glenn JM, Gray M, Jensen A, Stone MS, Vincenzo JL. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(8):1095-1103. doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1158321.↑

6. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.

Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Department of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1215-22. ↑

7. Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle.

Bendahan D, Mattei JP, Ghattas B, Confort-Gouny S, Le Guern ME, Cozzone PJ. Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, France. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Aug;36(4):282-9. ↑

8. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study.

Suzuki T, Morita M, Kobayashi Y, Kamimura A. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:6. doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0117-z.↑

9. Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius.

Dunnett M, Harris RC. Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1999 Jul;(30):499-504. ↑

10. The biological role of carnosine and its possible applications in medicine.

Budzeń S, Rymaszewska J. Adv Clin Exp Med. 22(5):739-744.↑

11. beta-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters.

Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris RC, Pottier A, Reyngoudt H, Koppo K, Wise JA, Achten E. Dept. of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent Univ, Belgium. J Appl Physiol. 2007 Nov;103(5):1736-43. ↑

12. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women.

Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, Torok D, Costa P, Hoffman JR, Harris RC, O'Kroy J. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. Amino Acids. 2007;32(3):381-6. ↑

13. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 Years): a double-blind randomized study.

Stout JR, Graves BS, Smith AE, Hartman MJ, Cramer JT, Beck TW, Harris RC. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008 Nov 7;5:21. ↑

14. Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players.

Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Ross R, Kang J, Stout JR, Wise JA. Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA. Nutr Res. 2008 Jan;28(1):31-5. ↑

15. Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity.

Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Harris BD, Sale C, Boobis LH, Kim CK, Wise JA. School of Sports, Exercise & Health Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):225-33. ↑

16. Effect of β-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacity.

Sale C, Saunders B, Hudson S, Wise JA, Harris RC, Sunderland CD. Biomedical, Life and Health Sciences Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Oct;43(10):1972-8. ↑

17. Six weeks of high-intensity interval training with and without beta-alanine supplementation for improving cardiovascular fitness in women.

Walter AA, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Stout JR, Cramer JT. Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1199-207. ↑

18. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial.

Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fukuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009 Feb 11;6:5. ↑

19. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis.

Hobson RM, Saunders B, Ball G, Harris RC, Sale C. Biomedical, Life and Health Sciences Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, UK. Amino Acids. 2012 Jul;43(1):25-37. ↑

20. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players.

Kern BD, Robinson TL. Human Performance and Physical Education Department, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Jul;25(7):1804-15. ↑

21. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial.

Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fukuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009 Feb 11;6:5. ↑

22. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women.

Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, Torok D, Costa P, Hoffman JR, Harris RC, O'Kroy J. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. Amino Acids. 2007;32(3):381-6. ↑

23. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 Years): a double-blind randomized study.

Stout JR, Graves BS, Smith AE, Hartman MJ, Cramer JT, Beck TW, Harris RC. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008 Nov 7;5:21. ↑

24. Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players.

Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Ross R, Kang J, Stout JR, Wise JA. Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA. Nutr Res. 2008 Jan;28(1):31-5. ↑

25. The effect of two β-alanine dosing strategies on 30-minute rowing performance: a randomized, controlled trial.

Beasley L, Smith L, Antonio J, Gordon D, Johnstone J, Roberts J. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018 Dec 18;15(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0266-3. ↑

26. Acute supplementation with alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine augments growth hormone response to, and peak force production during, resistance exercise.

Ziegenfuss T, Landis J, Hofheins J. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008;5(Suppl 1):P15. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-S1-P15. ↑

28. Glycerophosphocholine enhances growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation in young adults.

Kawamura T, Okubo T, Sato K, et al. Nutrition. 2012;28(11-12):1122-1126. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.011 ↑

29. Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.

Marcus L, Soileau J, Judge LW, Bellar D. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2017;14:39. doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0196-5. ↑

30. The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance, skeletal muscle oxygen saturation and associated biochemical parameters in resistance trained men.

Trepanowski JF, Farney TM, McCarthy CG, Schilling BK, Craig SA, Bloomer RJ. Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Dec;25(12):3461-71. ↑

31. Ergogenic effects of betaine supplementation on strength and power performance.

Lee EC, Maresh CM, Kraemer WJ, Yamamoto LM, Hatfield DL, Bailey BL, Armstrong LE, Volek JS, McDermott BP, Craig SA. Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Jul 19;7:27. ↑

32. Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial.

Wankhede S, Langade D, Joshi K, Sinha SR, Bhattacharyya S. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:43. Published 2015 Nov 25. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0104-9↑

33. Augmentation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and Th-1 cytokines by Withania somnifera in stressed mice.

Khan B, Ahmad SF, Bani S, et al. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6(9):1394-1403. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2006.04.001↑

35. A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy ff an ethanolic extract of withania somnifera.

Andrade C, Aswath A, Chaturvedi SK, Srinivasa M, Raguram R. Indian J Psychiatry. 2000;42(3):295-301.↑

36. Naturopathic care for anxiety: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974.

Cooley K, Szczurko O, Perri D, et al. PLoS One. 2009;4(8):e6628. Published 2009 Aug 31. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006628.↑

38. Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Oligospermic Males: A Pilot Study.

Ambiye VR, Langade D, Dongre S, Aptikar P, Kulkarni M, Dongre A. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:571420. doi:10.1155/2013/571420.↑

39. In vivo effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on the activation of lymphocytes.

Mikolai J, Erlandsen A, Murison A, et al. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(4):423-430. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0215.↑

40. Effects of eight-week supplementation of Ashwagandha on cardiorespiratory endurance in elite Indian cyclists.

Shenoy S, Chaskar U, Sandhu JS, Paadhi MM. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2012;3(4):209-214. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.104444.↑

41. Withania somnifera reverses Alzheimer's disease pathology by enhancing low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in liver.

Sehgal N, Gupta A, Valli RK, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(9):3510-3515. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112209109.↑

42. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Reverses β-Amyloid1-42 Induced Toxicity in Human Neuronal Cells: Implications in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND).

Kurapati KRV, Atluri VSR, Samikkannu T, Nair MPN. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77624. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0077624.↑

43. Effects of oral ATP supplementation on anaerobic power and muscular strength.

Jordan AN, Jurca R, Abraham EH, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(6):983-990. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000128198.97260.8b. ↑

44 A Single Dose of Oral ATP Supplementation Improves Performance and Physiological Response During Lower Body Resistance Exercise in Recreational Resistance-Trained Males.

Freitas MC, Cholewa JM, Gerosa-Neto J, et al. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(12):3345-3352. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002198.↑

45. Dose Response of Acute ATP Supplementation on Strength Training Performance.

Dos Santos Nunes de Moura HP, Jäger R, Purpura M, Rathmacher JA, Fuller JC Jr, Rossi FE. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:780459. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.780459.↑

46. Dose Response of Acute ATP Supplementation on Strength Training Performance.

Dos Santos Nunes de Moura HP, Jäger R, Purpura M, Rathmacher JA, Fuller JC Jr, Rossi FE. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:780459. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.780459.↑

47. Acute supplementation with alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine augments growth hormone response to, and peak force production during, resistance exercise.

Ziegenfuss T, Landis J, Hofheins J. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008;5(Suppl 1):P15. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-S1-P15. ↑

49. Glycerophosphocholine enhances growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation in young adults.

Kawamura T, Okubo T, Sato K, et al. Nutrition. 2012;28(11-12):1122-1126. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.011 ↑

50. Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.

Marcus L, Soileau J, Judge LW, Bellar D. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2017;14:39. doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0196-5. ↑

51. Toxicological significance of azo dye metabolism by human intestinal microbiota.

Feng J, Cerniglia CE, Chen H. Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, AR , USA. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012 Jan 1;4:568-86. ↑

52. Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Kanarek RB. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA. Nutr Rev. 2011 Jul;69(7):385-91. ↑

53. Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives.

Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T, Falk M. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;51(1):86-97.e8. ↑

54. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO, Stevenson J. School of Psychology, Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Lancet. 2007 Nov 3;370(9598):1560-7. ↑

55. Effect of food azo dye tartrazine on learning and memory functions in mice and rats, and the possible mechanisms involved.

Gao Y, Li C, Shen J, Yin H, An X, Jin H. Scientific and Technological College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai Univ., Yantai, PR China. J Food Sci. 2011 Aug;76(6):T125-9. ↑

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