Home / Products / Vitamin B Complex

Our "No Return Necessary"
Money-Back Guarantee

If you don’t like something of ours, guess what happens next?

No, we don’t request you deliver it to a PO box in the Gobi Desert by carrier pigeon. Nor do we ask you to fill a cursed inkwell with orc’s blood and demon saliva and then use it to complete reams of return forms written in ancient Cyrillic script.

We just . . . wait for it . . . give you your money back. Holy moo cows. And that means you can say "yes" now and decide later.

Will Vitamin B Complex supercharge your energy levels and mood? No.

Will it instantly banish stress and boost fat burning? Absolutely not.

But can Vitamin B Complex support your metabolism, mood, cognition, digestion, and heart health? Yes. Or your money back.

And how can Vitamin B Complex do these things?

B vitamins are critical nutrients involved in the production of numerous enzymes and hormones in the body that regulate processes like cell growth and repair, brain and nervous system function, red blood cell production, protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, and more.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

Despite their importance, however, research shows that as many as 97% of people consume inadequate levels of one or more B vitamins for optimal health and performance.[16]

These “subclinical deficiencies” are serious, too—they’re associated with numerous health and performance problems, including mood disruption, impaired muscle function and recovery, fatigue, and more.[17][18][19][20][21]

Now, while it’s possible to get enough B vitamins to maintain health through diet alone, this can be difficult because . . .

  1. It requires eating several servings per day of foods that many people don’t eat regularly, including liver, seafood, eggs, dairy, legumes, leafy greens, and seeds.
  2. Fruit, vegetables, and grains often contain fewer B vitamins than they did in the past.[22][23]
  3. Processing and cooking can reduce the vitamin B content of foods by as much as 90%.[24][25][26]

Additionally, research suggests that the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for B vitamins is adequate for preventing deficiencies, but may not produce optimal health, longevity, and performance, which should be the ultimate goal.[27][28][29][30] This is particularly true for vegetarians and vegans, who often struggle to meet their body’s vitamin B needs through diet alone.[31][32]

There’s also reason to believe that people who are physically active have a greater need for B vitamins than sedentary folks, which can put them at an increased risk of developing an insufficiency.[33][34][35][36]

Thus, many health-conscious people who eat a nutritious diet also choose to supplement with B vitamins, especially if they’re physically active.

So order now. Try Vitamin B Complex risk-free, and see for yourself why we believe it’s the perfect vitamin B supplement.

Will Vitamin B Complex supercharge your energy levels and mood? No.

Will it instantly banish stress and boost fat burning? Absolutely not.

But can Vitamin B Complex support your metabolism, mood, cognition, digestion, and heart health? Yes. Or your money back.

And how can Vitamin B Complex do these things?

B vitamins are critical nutrients involved in the production of numerous enzymes and hormones in the body that regulate processes like cell growth and repair, brain and nervous system function, red blood cell production, protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, and more.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Despite their importance, however, research shows that as many as 97% of people consume inadequate levels of one or more B vitamins for optimal health and performance.[9]

These “subclinical deficiencies” are serious, too—they’re associated with numerous health and performance problems, including mood disruption, impaired muscle function and recovery, fatigue, and more.[10][11][12][13][14]

Now, while it’s possible to get enough B vitamins to maintain health through diet alone, this can be difficult because . . .

  1. It requires eating several servings per day of foods that many people don’t eat regularly, including liver, seafood, eggs, dairy, legumes, leafy greens, and seeds.
  2. Fruit, vegetables, and grains often contain fewer B vitamins than they did in the past.[15][16]
  3. Processing and cooking can reduce the vitamin B content of foods by as much as 90%.[17][18][19]

Additionally, research suggests that the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for B vitamins is adequate for preventing deficiencies, but may not produce optimal health, longevity, and performance, which should be the ultimate goal.[20][21][22][23] This is particularly true for vegetarians and vegans, who often struggle to meet their body’s vitamin B needs through diet alone.[24][25]

There’s also reason to believe that people who are physically active have a greater need for B vitamins than sedentary folks, which can put them at an increased risk of developing an insufficiency.[26][27][28][29]

Thus, many health-conscious people who eat a nutritious diet also choose to supplement with B vitamins, especially if they’re physically active.

Our Vitamin B Complex stands out because:

  • 115 peer-reviewed scientific studies support our Vitamin B Complex’s doses of B vitamins, choline, coenzyme Q10, and inositol[30] That’s 1,411 pages of scientific research that shows Vitamin B Complex works the way we say it does.
  • Contains no artificial fillers, food dyes, or other chemical junk[31] While these types of chemicals may not be as dangerous as some people claim, studies suggest that regular consumption of them may indeed be harmful to our health. And that’s why you won’t find them in Vitamin B Complex.
  • Analyzed for purity and potency in a state-of-the-art ISO 17025 accredited lab[32] Every bottle of Vitamin B Complex is guaranteed to provide exactly what the label claims and nothing else—no heavy metals, microbes, allergens, or other contaminants.
  • Total formulation transparency (no proprietary blends)[33] This means you know exactly what’s in every serving of Vitamin B Complex—every dose of every ingredient—and can verify the accuracy and efficacy of the formulation.
  • Made in the USA in NSF-certified and FDA-inspected and cGMP-compliant facilities

Vitamin B Complex is also backed by our “No Return Necessary” money-back guarantee that works like this:

If you don’t absolutely love Vitamin B Complex, just let us know, and we’ll give you a full refund on the spot. No forms or return necessary.

So order now. Try Vitamin B Complex risk-free, and see for yourself why we believe it’s the perfect vitamin B supplement.

Notice to California Consumers

WARNING: Consuming this product can expose you to chemicals including lead which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov/food.

Ingredients (685.6 milligrams per serving)

Vitamin B1 (15 milligrams per serving)

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) is a substance that plays a critical role in transforming food into energy and is needed for the growth, function, and repair of every cell in the body.

Vitamin B1 is also needed to complete a metabolic process known as the Krebs cycle, which is one of the primary ways the body generates ATP, the main “energy currency” of cells.[34][35][36][37]

Research shows that supplementation with vitamin B1 can . . .

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin B1 for adults is 1.1 to 1.4 mg per day. That said, studies show that exercise can increase your body’s need for vitamin B and that the RDA may not be sufficient for athletes to optimize health.[46] Some research has also shown that doses of B vitamins much higher than the RDA can provide additional health benefits.[47]

Vitamin B Complex contains 15 mg of vitamin B1.

Vitamin B2 (10 milligrams per serving)

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a substance required for the production of energy from food, cell growth and function, and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, protein, ketones, and various other compounds.

For example, vitamin B2 is needed to create two essential coenzymes known as flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which play a crucial role in the breakdown of food molecules for energy.[48][49]

Vitamin B2 is also needed to complete a metabolic process known as the Krebs cycle, which is one of the primary ways the body generates ATP, the main “energy currency” of cells.[50][51]

Research shows that supplementation with vitamin B2 can . . .

  • Support cognitive health, and may help protect against migraines[52][53]
  • Support the body’s natural antioxidant mechanisms[54][55]
  • Support skin, hair, and nail health and appearance[56][57]
  • Support the absorption of iron from food[58][59]

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin B2 is 1.3 mg per day for men and 1.1 mg per day for women. That said, studies show that exercise can increase your body’s need for vitamin B and that the RDA may not be sufficient for athletes to optimize health.[60] Some research has also shown that doses of B vitamins much higher than the RDA can provide additional health benefits.[61]

Vitamin B Complex contains 10 mg of vitamin B2.

Vitamin B3 (25 milligrams per serving)

Vitamin B3 (niacin) is a substance involved in hundreds of chemical reactions in the body, including the production of ATP from food, the building of new tissues, the production of antioxidants, and the regulation of cholesterol levels.[62]

For example, vitamin B3 is needed to create two essential coenzymes known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which play a crucial role in the breakdown of food molecules for energy.[63]

Research shows that supplementation with vitamin B3 can . . .

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin B3 is 12 mg per day for men and 14 mg per day for women, and the upper limit is 35 mg per day for men and women. That said, studies show that exercise can increase your body’s need for vitamin B and that the RDA may not be sufficient for athletes to optimize health.[75] Some research has also shown that doses of B vitamins much higher than the RDA can provide additional health benefits.[76]

Vitamin B Complex contains 25 mg of vitamin B3.

Vitamin B5 (25 milligrams per serving)

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is a substance needed to create coenzyme A, which plays an essential role in digesting protein, carbs, and fats.[77][78]

Vitamin B5 is also needed to produce various stress hormones including cortisol, adrenaline, and norepinephrine, which help regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose during times of physical or mental stress.[79][80]

Research shows that supplementation with vitamin B5 can . . .

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin B5 is 5 mg per day for men and women. That said, studies show that exercise can increase your body’s need for vitamin B and that the RDA may not be sufficient for athletes to optimize health.[91] Some research has also shown that doses of B vitamins much higher than the RDA can provide additional health benefits.[92]

Vitamin B Complex contains 25 mg of vitamin B5.

Vitamin B6 (10 milligrams per serving)

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a substance that acts as a coenzyme in the body, assisting in the breakdown of protein, carbs, and fats.

It also plays an essential role in the creation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and norepinephrine, which heavily influence cognitive function and mood, and it supports immune cell growth and the production of antibodies, which helps your body fight off infection.[93][94][95][96]

Research shows that supplementation with vitamin B6 can . . .

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin B6 ranges between 1.3 to 1.7 mg per day depending on your age and sex, and the upper limit is 100 mg per day for men and women. That said, studies show that exercise can increase your body’s need for vitamin B and that the RDA may not be sufficient for athletes to optimize health.[104] Some research has also shown that doses of B vitamins much higher than the RDA can provide additional health benefits.[105]

Vitamin B Complex contains 10 mg of vitamin B6.

Vitamin B7 (100 micrograms per serving)

Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a substance used in the body to create five other enzymes, which assist in the breakdown of protein, carbs, fats, and the creation of fatty acids and glucose from other nutrients (gluconeogenesis).[106][107][108][109][110]

It plays a key role in regulating the expression of certain genes and cellular signaling involved in digestion and the creation of hair, nails, and skin.[111]

Research shows that supplementation with vitamin B7 can . . .

  • Support the digestion of carbs, protein, and fat[112][113][114]
  • Support skin, hair, and nail health and appearance[115][116]

Scientists still haven’t determined an exact recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin B7, but most research shows most people should consume at least 30 mcg per day to prevent deficiencies.

That said, studies show that exercise can increase your body’s need for vitamin B and that the RDA may not be sufficient for athletes to optimize health.[117] Some research has also shown that doses of B vitamins much higher than the RDA can provide additional health benefits.[118]

Vitamin B Complex contains 100 mcg of vitamin B7.

Vitamin B9 (400 micrograms per serving)

Vitamin B9 (folate) is a substance that assists in the creation of DNA and RNA, red blood cells, and neurotransmitters, and the breakdown of homocysteine, an amino acid that can be harmful in large amounts.

Vitamin B9 exists in two forms: folate, which is the naturally occuring form found in food, and folic acid, the synthetic version. While natural forms of vitamins are often better than their synthetic counterparts, this isn’t the case with folate, as research shows that folic acid (the form found in Vitamin B Complex) is absorbed almost twice as efficiently as folate found in food.[119][120]

Research shows that supplementation with vitamin B9 can . . .

  • Support the healthy replication of DNA and RNA and cell growth[121][122]
  • Support healthy heart and blood vessel function[123][124]
  • Support mood[125][126]

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin B9 is 400 mcg per day for men and women, and 600 mcg per day for pregnant women.

Vitamin B Complex contains 400 mcg of vitamin B9 (in the form of folic acid).

Vitamin B12 (100 micrograms per serving)

Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) is a substance that plays a vital role in the development and function of the brain and nerves, red blood cell production, bone health, the replication of DNA, and more.[127]

Research shows that supplementation with vitamin B12 can . . .

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin B12 2.4 mcg per day for men and women, and 2.8 mcg per day for pregnant women. That said, studies show that exercise can increase your body’s need for vitamin B and that the RDA may not be sufficient for athletes to optimize health.[138] Some research has also shown that doses of B vitamins much higher than the RDA can provide additional health benefits.[139]

Vitamin B Complex contains 100 mcg of vitamin B12.

Choline (250 milligrams per serving)

Choline is a nutrient that is vital for brain health and function and has very similar functions in the body as B vitamins.

Choline is needed to create the phospholipid membrane of cells, and as a result impacts cell signaling and integrity throughout the body.[140][141] It’s also needed to create the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which plays a key role in muscle contraction and memory.[142][143]

Research shows that supplementation with choline can . . .

While it’s possible to get sufficient choline through foods such as eggs, liver, and peanuts, research shows that up to 94% of women and 89% of men don’t consume the minimum amount of choline needed to support health.[150]

Scientists still haven’t determined an exact recommended daily allowance (RDA) for choline, but most research shows men should consume at least 550 mg per day and women should consume 425 mg per day for optimal health.

Vitamin B Complex contains 250 mg of choline.

Coenzyme Q10 (100 milligrams per serving)

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a substance found in every cell of the body that functions as an antioxidant and helps with the production of cellular energy.

CoQ10 occurs naturally in a wide variety of foods, but it’s particularly high in organ meats such as heart, liver, and kidney.

Research shows that supplementation with CoQ10 can . . .

  • Support heart health[151][152][153]
  • Support sperm structure and function[154]
  • Support healthy inflammation levels in the body[155]
  • Support the activity of antioxidant enzymes[156]
  • Support sprint performance and recovery[157][158][159]

The clinically effective dose of CoQ10 is between 50 and 200 mg per day, with the majority of benefits seen at 90 mg.

Vitamin B Complex contains 100 mg of CoQ10.

Inositol (250 milligrams per serving)

Inositol, sometimes called vitamin B8, refers to a group of molecules produced naturally in the body that are involved in cellular signaling and serve as structural components of the cell membrane.

Inositol may also work synergistically with choline in the body to support the function of cell membranes and create neurotransmitters, which is why they’re often taken together in equal amounts in studies.[160][161]

While it’s possible to get small amounts of inositol from foods such as citrus fruits, whole grains, beans, nuts, and green leafy vegetables, people who don’t eat these foods regularly will struggle to consume enough to support optimal health.

Research shows that supplementation with inositol can . . .

There is currently no established RDA for inositol, but the clinically effective dose when combined with choline is a ratio of 1:1 (equal parts inositol and choline).

Vitamin B Complex includes 250 mg of inositol.

No Artificial Food Dyes or Other Chemical Junk

As with artificial sweeteners, studies show that artificial food dyes may cause negative effects in some people, including gastrointestinal toxicity and behavioral disorders.[165][166][167][168][169]

That’s why we use natural coloring derived from fruits and other foods, as well as natural flavoring.

No Artificial Food Dyes or Other Chemical Junk

Lab Tested for Potency & Purity

Every bottle of Vitamin B Complex is analyzed in a state-of-the-art ISO 17025 accredited lab to verify what is and isn’t in it. That way, you know exactly what you’re getting and putting into your body.

Lab Tested for Potency & Purity

The #1 brand of all-natural sports supplements.

Over 4,000,000 bottles sold to over 800,000 customers who have left us over 45,000 5-star reviews.

Natural Ingredients
No Chemical Junk

Vitamin B Complex doesn’t just “contain natural ingredients”—every ingredient is naturally sourced. We don’t use artificial or synthetic substances of any kind.

Science-Backed Ingredients
Science-Backed Ingredients

Every ingredient in Vitamin B Complex is backed by peer-reviewed scientific research demonstrating clear benefits in healthy humans.

Clinically Effective Doses
Clinically Effective Ingredients & Doses

Every ingredient in Vitamin B Complex is included at clinically effective levels, which are the exact amounts shown to be safe and effective in peer-reviewed scientific research.

Lab Tested
Lab Tested

Vitamin B Complex is tested by third-party labs for heavy metals, microbes, allergens, and other contaminants to ensure it meets FDA purity standards.

Made in USA
Made in USA with Globally Sourced Ingredients

Vitamin B Complex is proudly made in America in NSF-certified and FDA-inspected facilities in accordance with the Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations.

100% Money-Back-Guarantee
"No Return Necessary"
Money-Back Guarantee

If you don't absolutely love Vitamin B Complex, you get a prompt and courteous refund. No forms or returns necessary.

Trusted by scientists, doctors, and everyday fitness folk alike.

Previous

  • Dr. Spencer Nadolsky, MD

    Board-Certified Family Medicine Physician, a Diplomate of the American Board of Obesity Medicine, and Legion Advisory Board Member

    "There are a lot of sleazy supplement companies out there, but Legion is not one of them. Their products are free of fillers and inactive ingredients and they take the time (and money) to test them with independent labs to ensure you're getting what you pay for."

  • Menno Henselmans, MS

    Founder of Bayesian Bodybuilding, Published Scientist, Physique Coach, and Legion Advisory Board Member

    "Legion consults with nutrition experts to make honest, science-based products and then proves they're genuine with independent lab work. That's how all supplement companies should operate."

  • Dr. Bill Campbell, PhD

    Professor of Exercise Science at University of South Florida and Legion Advisory Board Member

    "Legion is science-based at its core. All of their products contain doses proven to be effective by scientific studies, and they fund new research. They don't just want to sell you supplements—they want to change the supplement industry for the better."

  • James Krieger, MS

    Published Scientist, Author, and Speaker

    "There are three reasons I like Legion. First, they use ingredients backed by independent, peer-reviewed scientific studies. Second, the quality of their supplements exceeds many in the industry and you know you’re getting what’s on the label. Third, Mike Matthews is a solid evidence-based guy who doesn’t over-hype."

  • Chris Barakat, MS

    Published Scientist and Physique Coach

    "I've been involved in the supplement industry for over a decade now, and I can tell you that Legion is the ONLY company doing EVERYTHING right! They make effective products that are backed by scientific evidence, properly dose all of their ingredients, source every ingredient from the highest-quality sources, and are transparent about exactly what goes in each and every product."

  • Kurtis Frank

    Co-Founder and Former Lead Researcher & Writer of Examine.com

    "With Legion, you really do get what you pay for. Each and every product is packed with effective doses of effective ingredients, and what’s on the label is what's actually in the bottle."

  • Jordan Syatt

    Strength and Nutrition Coach

    "Legion is a tremendous company run by people I trust and respect. The quality of their supplements is second to no one. And while I don’t use many supplements, the only ones I do come from Legion."

  • Sal Di Stefano, Justin Andrews, and Adam Schafer

    Hosts of The Mind Pump Podcast

    "When it comes to quality and integrity, Legion is among the best. Their products only include ingredients that are backed by research and in doses that are proven to be effective in scientific studies."

Next
Vitamin B Complex Lab Test

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I use Vitamin B Complex?
What makes Vitamin B Complex different from other vitamin B complex supplements on the market?
Can I take Vitamin B Complex with other Legion supplements?
A supplement I take already contains B vitamins. Can I benefit from Vitamin B Complex?
How much of the different B vitamins should I take per day? How much is too much?
What type of effects should I notice?
What does the Prop65 warning on the labels mean?
Can Vitamin B Complex be taken while pregnant or breastfeeding?
Can Vitamin B Complex be taken with medication?
Is Vitamin B Complex gluten-free? Soy-free? Dairy-free?
Is Vitamin B Complex vegetarian or vegan friendly?
View All FAQs

+References

1. Office of Dietary Supplements - Biotin.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

2. Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin B12.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

3. Office of Dietary Supplements - Folate.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

4. Office of Dietary Supplements - Pantothenic Acid.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

5. Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin B6.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

6. Office of Dietary Supplements - Niacin.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

7. Office of Dietary Supplements - Riboflavin.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

8. Office of Dietary Supplements - Thiamin.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

9. What We Eat in America: Usual Nutrient Intake from Food, Beverages, and Dietary Supplements.

United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed May 10, 2023.↑

10. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6: impact of restricted intake on physical performance in man.

Beek EJV Der, Dokkum W Van, Wedel M, Schrijver J, Berg H Van Den. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994;13(6):629-640. doi:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718459.↑

11. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631.↑

12. The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Carroll D, Ring C, Suter M, Willemsen G. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;150(2):220-225. doi:10.1007/S002130000406.↑

13. Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males.

Kennedy DO, Veasey R, Watson A, et al. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010;211(1):55-68. doi:10.1007/S00213-010-1870-3.↑

15. Historical changes in the mineral content of fruit and vegetables in the UK from 1940 to 2019: a concern for human nutrition and agriculture.

Mayer AMB, Trenchard L, Rayns F. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2022;73(3):315-326. doi:10.1080/09637486.2021.1981831.↑

16. Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999.

Davis DR, Epp MD, Riordan HD, Davis DR. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(6):669-682. doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409. ↑

17. Cooking losses of thiamin in food and its nutritional significance.

Kimura M, Itokawa Y, Fujiwara M. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1990;36 Suppl 1:S17-S24. doi:10.3177/JNSV.36.4-SUPPLEMENTI_S17.↑

18. The effect of cooking on the vitamin B6 content of foods.

Elmadfa, I., & Majchrzak, D. (1999). International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 69(3), 184-187↑

19. A carotenoids in biofortified staple crops.

La Frano MR, de Moura FF, Boy E, Lönnerdal B, Burri BJ. Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and provitamin Nutr Rev. 2014;72(5):289-307. doi:10.1111/NURE.12108.↑

20. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631.↑

21. The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Carroll D, Ring C, Suter M, Willemsen G. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;150(2):220-225. doi:10.1007/S002130000406.↑

22. Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males.

Kennedy DO, Veasey R, Watson A, et al. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010;211(1):55-68. doi:10.1007/S00213-010-1870-3.↑

24. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study.

Gilsing AMJ, Crowe FL, Lloyd-Wright Z, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(9):933-939. doi:10.1038/EJCN.2010.142. ↑

25. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers.

Rogerson D. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1). doi:10.1186/S12970-017-0192-9.↑

26. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements?

Woolf K, Manore MM. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(5):453-484. doi:10.1123/IJSNEM.16.5.453.↑

27. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers.

Rogerson D. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1). doi:10.1186/S12970-017-0192-9.↑

28. Vitamin and mineral status: Effects on physical performance.

Lukaski HC. Nutrition. 2004;20(7-8):632-644. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.001.↑

29. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations.

Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, et al. J Int Soc Sport Nutr 2018 151. 2018;15(1):1-57. doi:10.1186/S12970-018-0242-Y.↑

8. Office of Dietary Supplements - Biotin.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

9. Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin B12.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

10. Office of Dietary Supplements - Folate.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

11. Office of Dietary Supplements - Pantothenic Acid.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

12. Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin B6.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

13. Office of Dietary Supplements - Niacin.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

14. Office of Dietary Supplements - Riboflavin.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

15. Office of Dietary Supplements - Thiamin.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

16. What We Eat in America: Usual Nutrient Intake from Food, Beverages, and Dietary Supplements.

United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed May 10, 2023.↑

17. Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6: impact of restricted intake on physical performance in man.

Beek EJV Der, Dokkum W Van, Wedel M, Schrijver J, Berg H Van Den. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994;13(6):629-640. doi:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718459. ↑

18. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631.↑

19. The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Carroll D, Ring C, Suter M, Willemsen G. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;150(2):220-225. doi:10.1007/S002130000406.↑

20. Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males.

Kennedy DO, Veasey R, Watson A, et al. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010;211(1):55-68. doi:10.1007/S00213-010-1870-3.↑

22. Historical changes in the mineral content of fruit and vegetables in the UK from 1940 to 2019: a concern for human nutrition and agriculture.

Mayer AMB, Trenchard L, Rayns F. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2022;73(3):315-326. doi:10.1080/09637486.2021.1981831.↑

23. Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999.

Davis DR, Epp MD, Riordan HD, Davis DR. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(6):669-682. doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409. ↑

24. Cooking losses of thiamin in food and its nutritional significance.

Kimura M, Itokawa Y, Fujiwara M. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1990;36 Suppl 1:S17-S24. doi:10.3177/JNSV.36.4-SUPPLEMENTI_S17.↑

25. The effect of cooking on the vitamin B6 content of foods.

Elmadfa, I., & Majchrzak, D. (1999). International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 69(3), 184-187↑

26. A carotenoids in biofortified staple crops.

La Frano MR, de Moura FF, Boy E, Lönnerdal B, Burri BJ. Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and provitamin Nutr Rev. 2014;72(5):289-307. doi:10.1111/NURE.12108.↑

27. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631.↑

28. The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Carroll D, Ring C, Suter M, Willemsen G. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;150(2):220-225. doi:10.1007/S002130000406.↑

29. Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males.

Kennedy DO, Veasey R, Watson A, et al. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010;211(1):55-68. doi:10.1007/S00213-010-1870-3.↑

31. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study.

Gilsing AMJ, Crowe FL, Lloyd-Wright Z, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(9):933-939. doi:10.1038/EJCN.2010.142. ↑

32. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers.

Rogerson D. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1). doi:10.1186/S12970-017-0192-9.↑

33. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements?

Woolf K, Manore MM. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(5):453-484. doi:10.1123/IJSNEM.16.5.453.↑

34. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers.

Rogerson D. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1). doi:10.1186/S12970-017-0192-9.↑

35. Vitamin and mineral status: Effects on physical performance.

Lukaski HC. Nutrition. 2004;20(7-8):632-644. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.001.↑

36. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations.

Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, et al. J Int Soc Sport Nutr 2018 151. 2018;15(1):1-57. doi:10.1186/S12970-018-0242-Y.↑

37. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.

Nelson DL Lehninger AL Cox MM. 5th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2008.↑

38. Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level, 5th Edition.

Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet CWP. Wiley; 2016. ↑

39. A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin(e) and its derivatives.

Lonsdale D. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006;3(1):49-59. doi:10.1093/ECAM/NEK009. ↑

40. Thiamine and spinocerebellar ataxia type 2.

Costantini A, Pala MI, Colangeli M, Savelli S. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013. doi:10.1136/BCR-2012-007302.↑

41. A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin(e) and its derivatives.

Lonsdale D. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006;3(1):49-59. doi:10.1093/ECAM/NEK009. ↑

42. Thiamin function, metabolism, uptake, and transport.

Manzetti S, Zhang J, Van Der Spoel D. Biochemistry. 2014;53(5):821-835. doi:10.1021/BI401618Y. ↑

43. Clinical manifestations of thiamine deficiency.

Mimenza Alvarado A, Aguilar Salinas B. Acta Neurol Mex. 2009 Dec;24(4):355-63.↑

44. Abnormal thiamine-dependent processes in Alzheimer’s Disease. Lessons from diabetes.

Gibson GE, Hirsch JA, Cirio RT, Jordan BD, Fonzetti P, Elder J. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2013;55:17-25. doi:10.1016/J.MCN.2012.09.001.↑

45. Mechanism of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intestinal calcium absorption.

Seligmann H, Halkin H, Rauchfleisch S, et al. Thiamine deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy: a pilot study. Am J Med. 1991;91(2):151-155. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(91)90007-K.↑

46. Improved left ventricular function after thiamine supplementation in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy.

Shimon H, Almog S, Vered Z, et al. Am J Med. 1995;98(5):485-490. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80349-0. ↑

47. Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: The Blue Mountains eye Study.

Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Flood VM. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(1):19-26. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(01)00922-9. ↑

48. Human genetic variation influences vitamin C homeostasis by altering vitamin C transport and antioxidant enzyme function.

Michels AJ, Hagen TM, Frei B. Annu Rev Nutr. 2013;33:45-70. doi:10.1146/ANNUREV-NUTR-071812-161246. ↑

49. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.

Woolf K, Manore MM. 2006;16(5):453-484. doi:10.1123/IJSNEM.16.5.453. ↑

50. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631.↑

51. Riboflavin and health: A review of recent human research.

Thakur K, Tomar SK, Singh AK, Mandal S, Arora S. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(17):3650-3660. doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1145104.↑

52. Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health.

Powers HJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(6):1352-1360. doi:10.1093/AJCN/77.6.1352.↑

53. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 5th ed.

Nelson DL Lehninger AL Cox MM. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2008. ↑

54. Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level, 5th Edition.

Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet CWP. Wiley; 2016. ↑

55. Prophylaxis of migraine headaches with riboflavin: A systematic review.

Thompson DF, Saluja HS. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;42(4):394-403. doi:10.1111/JCPT.12548. ↑

56. High-dose riboflavin treatment is efficacious in migraine prophylaxis: an open study in a tertiary care centre.

Boehnke C, Reuter U, Flach U, Schuh-Hofer S, Einhäupl KM, Arnold G. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(7):475-477. doi:10.1111/J.1468-1331.2004.00813.X.↑

57. Riboflavin and health: A review of recent human research.

Thakur K, Tomar SK, Singh AK, Mandal S, Arora S. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(17):3650-3660. doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1145104.↑

58. Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health.

Powers HJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(6):1352-1360. doi:10.1093/AJCN/77.6.1352.↑

59. Riboflavin and health: A review of recent human research.

Thakur K, Tomar SK, Singh AK, Mandal S, Arora S. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(17):3650-3660. doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1145104. ↑

60. Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health.

Powers HJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(6):1352-1360. doi:10.1093/AJCN/77.6.1352. ↑

61. Ibid.

↑

62. Inflammation, vitamin B6 and related pathways.

Ueland PM, McCann A, Midttun Ø, Ulvik A. Mol Aspects Med. 2017;53:10-27. doi:10.1016/J.MAM.2016.08.001. ↑

63. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements?

Woolf K, Manore MM. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(5):453-484. doi:10.1123/IJSNEM.16.5.453. ↑

64. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631. ↑

65. Office of Dietary Supplements - Niacin.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023.↑

66. Optimum nutrition: thiamin, biotin and pantothenate.

Bender DA. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(2):427-433. doi:10.1017/S0029665199000567. ↑

67. Influence of nicotinic acid on serum cholesterol in man.

Altschul R, Hoffer A, Stephen JD. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1955;54(2):558-559. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(55)90070-9. ↑

68. The current state of niacin in cardiovascular disease prevention: a systematic review and meta-regression.

Lavigne PM, Karas RH. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(4):440-446. doi:10.1016/J.JACC.2012.10.030. ↑

69. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin.

PL C, KG B, NK W, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8(6):1245-1255. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(86)80293-5. ↑

70. Mechanism of action of niacin.

Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(8A). doi:10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2008.02.029. ↑

71. Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease and of cognitive decline.

Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(8):1093-1099. doi:10.1136/JNNP.2003.025858. ↑

72. Exercise-induced cognitive plasticity, implications for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.

Foster PP, Rosenblatt KP, Kuljiš RO. Front Neurol. 2011;2. doi:10.3389/FNEUR.2011.00028. ↑

73. Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin.

W G. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004;3(2):88-93. doi:10.1111/J.1473-2130.2004.00115.X.↑

74. Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance.

Bissett DL, Oblong JE, Berge CA. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(7 Pt 2):860-866. doi:10.1111/J.1524-4725.2005.31732. ↑

75. Niacin status, NAD distribution and ADP-ribose metabolism.

Kirkland J. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(1):3-11. doi:10.2174/138161209787185823. ↑

76. Niacin requirements for genomic stability.

Kirkland JB. Mutat Res. 2012;733(1-2):14-20. doi:10.1016/J.MRFMMM.2011.11.008. ↑

77. Evidence that niacin inhibits acute vascular inflammation and improves endothelial dysfunction independent of changes in plasma lipids.

Wu BJ, Yan L, Charlton F, Witting P, Barter PJ, Rye KA. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(5):968-975. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.201129. ↑

78. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements?

Woolf K, Manore MM. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(5):453-484. doi:10.1123/IJSNEM.16.5.453. ↑

79. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631. ↑

80. Pantothenic acid in health and disease.

Tahiliani AG, Beinlich CJ. Vitam Horm. 1991;46(C):165-228. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60684-6. ↑

81. Pantothenic acid deficiency as the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris.

Leung LH. Med Hypotheses. 1995;44(6):490-492. doi:10.1016/0306-9877(95)90512-X. ↑

82. Effects of pantothenic acid supplementation on adrenal steroid secretion from male rats.

Jaroenporn S, Yamamoto T, Itabashi A, et al. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(6):1205-1208. doi:10.1248/BPB.31.1205. ↑

83. Pantothenic acid.

Plesofsky-Vig N. Adv Food Nutr Res. 1996;40:133-81. Link↑

84. Biological functions and metabolism of pantothenic acid.

Song WO, McMahon KE. Adv Food Nutr Res. 1990;34:305-47.↑

85. Pantothenic acid in health and disease.

Tahiliani AG, Beinlich CJ. Vitam Horm. 1991;46(C):165-228. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60684-6. ↑

86. Pharmacodynamic Basis of Herbal Medicine.

Ebadi M. September 2006. doi:10.1201/9781420006452. ↑

87. Oxygen, oxidants, and antioxidants in wound healing: an emerging paradigm.

Sen CK, Khanna S, Gordillo G, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Roy S. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;957:239-249. doi:10.1111/J.1749-6632.2002.TB02920.X. ↑

88. Hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes and alcohol consumption: effectiveness of treatment with pantethine.

Gaddi A, Descovich GC, Noseda G, et al. Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense. 1982;53(3-4):137-52.↑

91. Nutritional factors and hair loss.

Rushton DH. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27(5):396-404. doi:10.1046/J.1365-2230.2002.01076.X. ↑

92. Relevance of vitamins C and E in cutaneous photoprotection.

B E-K, J R. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2005;4(1):4-9. doi:10.1111/J.1473-2165.2005.00151.X. ↑

93. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a novel pantothenic Acid-based dietary supplement in subjects with mild to moderate facial acne.

Yang M, Moclair B, Hatcher V, et al. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2014;4(1):93-101. doi:10.1007/S13555-014-0052-3. ↑

94. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements?

Woolf K, Manore MM. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(5):453-484. doi:10.1123/IJSNEM.16.5.453. ↑

95. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631. ↑

96. The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition.

Malouf R, Grimley Evans J. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2003;(4). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004393. ↑

97. B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review.

Kennedy DO. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68. doi:10.3390/NU8020068. ↑

98. Vitamin B6 and immune competence.

Rail LC, Meydani SN. Nutr Rev. 1993;51(8):217-225. doi:10.1111/J.1753-4887.1993.TB03109.X. ↑

99. Immunomodulation by vitamin B12: augmentation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitamin B12-deficient patients by methyl-B12 treatment.

Tamura J, Kubota K, Murakami H, et al. Clin Exp Immunol. 1999;116(1):28-32. doi:10.1046/J.1365-2249.1999.00870.X. ↑

100. Vitamin B6: a long known compound of surprising complexity.

Mooney S, Leuendorf JE, Hendrickson C, Hellmann H. Molecules. 2009;14(1):329-351. doi:10.3390/MOLECULES14010329. ↑

101. Vitamin B-6: a status report.

Leklem JE. J Nutr. 1990;120 Suppl 11(4):1503-1507. doi:10.1093/JN/120.SUPPL_11.1503. ↑

103. The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition.

Malouf R, Grimley Evans J. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2003;(4). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004393. ↑

104. B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review.

Kennedy DO. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68. doi:10.3390/NU8020068. ↑

105. Vitamin B6 and immune competence.

Rail LC, Meydani SN. Nutr Rev. 1993;51(8):217-225. doi:10.1111/J.1753-4887.1993.TB03109.X. ↑

106. Immunomodulation by vitamin B12: augmentation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitamin B12-deficient patients by methyl-B12 treatment.

Tamura J, Kubota K, Murakami H, et al. Clin Exp Immunol. 1999;116(1):28-32. doi:10.1046/J.1365-2249.1999.00870.X. ↑

107. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements?

Woolf K, Manore MM. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(5):453-484. doi:10.1123/IJSNEM.16.5.453. ↑

108. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631. ↑

109. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline.

Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate OBV and C. Diet Ref Intakes Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitam B6, Folate, Vitam B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biot Choline. June 1998. doi:10.17226/6015. ↑

110. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease.

Mock DM. Biotin. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, eds. 11th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014:390-8. ↑

111. Present Knowledge in Nutrition.

Zempleni J, Wijeratne SSK, Kuroishi T. Biotin. In: Erdman JW, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, eds. 10th ed. Washington, DC: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:359-74. ↑

112. Biotin in metabolism and its relationship to human disease.

Pacheco-Alvarez D, Solórzano-Vargas RS, Del Río AL. Arch Med Res. 2002;33(5):439-447. doi:10.1016/S0188-4409(02)00399-5. ↑

113. Determination of the biotin content of select foods using accurate and sensitive HPLC/avidin binding.

Staggs CG, Sealey WM, McCabe BJ, Teague AM, Mock DM. J Food Compost Anal. 2004;17(6):767-776. doi:10.1016/J.JFCA.2003.09.015. ↑

114. Present Knowledge in Nutrition.

Zempleni J, Wijeratne SSK, Kuroishi T. Biotin. In: Erdman JW, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, eds. 10th ed. Washington, DC: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:359-74. ↑

115. Vitamin B6: a long known compound of surprising complexity.

Mooney S, Leuendorf JE, Hendrickson C, Hellmann H. Molecules. 2009;14(1):329-351. doi:10.3390/MOLECULES14010329. ↑

116. Vitamin B-6: a status report.

Leklem JE. J Nutr. 1990;120 Suppl 11(4):1503-1507. doi:10.1093/JN/120.SUPPL_11.1503. ↑

118. Vitamins and minerals: their role in nail health and disease.

Scheinfeld N, Dahdah MJ, Scher R. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(8):782-787. ↑

119. Serum Biotin Levels in Women Complaining of Hair Loss.

Trüeb RM. Int J Trichology. 2016;8(2):73-77. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.188040. ↑

120. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements?

Woolf K, Manore MM. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(5):453-484. doi:10.1123/IJSNEM.16.5.453. ↑

121. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631. ↑

122. Synthetic as compared with natural vitamin E is preferentially excreted as alpha-CEHC in human urine: studies using deuterated alpha-tocopheryl acetates.

Traber MG, Elsner A, Brigelius-Flohé R. FEBS Lett. 1998;437(1-2):145-148. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01210-1. ↑

123. Folate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing.

Scaglione F, Panzavolta G. Xenobiotica. 2014;44(5):480-488. doi:10.3109/00498254.2013.845705. ↑

124. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study.

MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Lancet. 1991;338(8760):131-137. ↑

125. Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation.

Czeizel AE, Dudás I. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(26):1832-1835. doi:10.1056/NEJM199212243272602. ↑

126. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes.

Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. JAMA. 1995;274(13):1049-1057. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530130055028. ↑

127. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis.

Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK. BMJ. 2002;325(7374):1202. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1202. ↑

128. Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12.

Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19(1):59-65. doi:10.1177/0269881105048899. ↑

129. Folate, vitamin B12, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Bottiglieri T. Nutr Rev. 1996;54(12):382-390. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03851.x. ↑

130. Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin B12.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed October 16, 2023. ↑

131. Low vitamin B-12 status and risk of cognitive decline in older adults.

Clarke R, Birks J, Nexo E, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(5):1384-1391. doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1384. ↑

132. Vitamin B12, cognition, and brain MRI measures: a cross-sectional examination.

Tangney CC, Aggarwal NT, Li H, et al. [published correction appears in Neurology. 2011 Nov 8;77(19):1773]. Neurology. 2011;77(13):1276-1282. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182315a33. ↑

133. Low serum folate concentrations are associated with an excess incidence of acute coronary events: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study.

Voutilainen S, Lakka TA, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Rissanen T, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54(5):424-428. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600991. ↑

134. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis.

Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. JAMA. 2002;288(16):2015-2022. doi:10.1001/jama.288.16.2015. ↑

135. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients.

Andrès E, Loukili NH, Noel E, et al. CMAJ. 2004;171(3):251-259. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1031155. ↑

136. Vitamin B12 deficiency.

Oh R, Brown DL. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(5):979-986. ↑

137. Vitamin B12 deficiency from the perspective of a practicing hematologist.

Green R. Blood. 2017;129(19):2603-2611. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-10-569186. ↑

138. The metabolic processes of folic acid and Vitamin B12 deficiency.

Mahmood L. J Heal Res Rev. 2014;1(1):5. doi:10.4103/2394-2010.143318. ↑

139. Low plasma vitamin B12 is associated with lower BMD: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study.

Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Qiao N, et al. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(1):152-158. doi:10.1359/JBMR.041018. ↑

140. The effect of homocysteine-lowering with B-vitamins on osteoporotic fractures in patients with cerebrovascular disease: substudy of VITATOPS, a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

Gommans J, Yi Q, Eikelboom JW, et al. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:88. Published 2013 Sep 3. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-13-88. ↑

141. B-vitamins and exercise: does exercise alter requirements?

Woolf K, Manore MM. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(5):453-484. doi:10.1123/IJSNEM.16.5.453. ↑

142. Potential mental and physical benefits of supplementation with a high-dose, B-complex multivitamin/mineral supplement: What is the evidence?

Sarris J, Mehta B, Óvári V, Giménez IF. Nutr Hosp. 2021;38(6):1277-1286. doi:10.20960/NH.03631. ↑

143. Choline: critical role during fetal development and dietary requirements in adults.

Zeisel SH. Annu Rev Nutr. 2006;26:229-250. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111156. ↑

145. Choline: An Essential Nutrient for Public Health.

Zeisel SH, Da Costa KA. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(11):615. doi:10.1111/J.1753-4887.2009.00246.X. ↑

146. Choline and cholinergic neurons.

Blusztajn JK, Wurtman RJ. Science. 1983;221(4611):614-620. doi:10.1126/science.6867732. ↑

147. Decreased brain choline uptake in older adults. An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Cohen BM, Renshaw PF, Stoll AL, Wurtman RJ, Yurgelun-Todd D, Babb SM. JAMA. 1995;274(11):902-907. ↑

148. Choline metabolism as a basis for the selective vulnerability of cholinergic neurons.

Wurtman RJ. Trends Neurosci. 1992;15(4):117-122. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90351-8. ↑

149. Pre- and postnatal health: evidence of increased choline needs.

Caudill MA. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(8):1198-1206. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.05.009. ↑

150. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk.

Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. [published correction appears in Am J Psychiatry. 2013 May 1;170(5):566]. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-298. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070940. ↑

151. Phosphatidylcholine and choline homeostasis.

Li Z, Vance DE. J Lipid Res. 2008;49(6):1187-1194. doi:10.1194/jlr.R700019-JLR200. ↑

152. Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction.

Resseguie ME, da Costa KA, Galanko JA, Patel M, Davis IJ, Zeisel SH. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(2):1649-1658. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.106922. ↑

153. What We Eat in America: Usual Nutrient Intake from Food and Beverages.

United States Department of Agriculture. ↑

154. Coenzyme Q(10) improves endothelial dysfunction of the brachial artery in Type II diabetes mellitus.

Watts GF, Playford DA, Croft KD, Ward NC, Mori TA, Burke V. Diabetologia. 2002;45(3):420-426. doi:10.1007/s00125-001-0760-y. ↑

155. Coenzyme Q10 improves endothelial dysfunction in statin-treated type 2 diabetic patients.

Hamilton SJ, Chew GT, Watts GF. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):810-812. doi:10.2337/dc08-1736. ↑

156. Effects of coenzyme Q(10) on LDL oxidation in vitro.

Ahmadvand H, Mabuchi H, Nohara A, Kobayahi J, Kawashiri MA. Acta Med Iran. 2013;51(1):12-18. ↑

157. Protective effects of in vitro treatment with zinc, d-aspartate and coenzyme q10 on human sperm motility, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation.

Talevi R, Barbato V, Fiorentino I, Braun S, Longobardi S, Gualtieri R. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2013;11:81. Published 2013 Aug 16. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-11-81. ↑

159. Ibid.

↑

160. The effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on performance during repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise in sedentary men.

Gökbel H, Gül I, Belviranl M, Okudan N. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(1):97-102. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a61a50. ↑

161. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in plasma after repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise: the effect of coenzyme Q10.

Gül I, Gökbel H, Belviranli M, Okudan N, Büyükbaş S, Başarali K. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2011;51(2):305-312. ↑

162. Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on liver mitochondrial function and aerobic capacity in adolescent athletes.

Liao P, Zhang Y, Liao Y, Zheng NJ, Zhang X. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi. 2007;23(4):491-494. ↑

163. Choline: An Essential Nutrient for Public Health.

Zeisel SH, Da Costa KA. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(11):615. doi:10.1111/J.1753-4887.2009.00246.X. ↑

164. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of inositol(s) in health and disease.

Bizzarri M, Fuso A, Dinicola S, Cucina A, Bevilacqua A. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(10):1181-1196. doi:10.1080/17425255.2016.1206887. ↑

165. Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression.

Levine J, Barak Y, Gonzalves M, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(5):792-794. doi:10.1176/AJP.152.5.792. ↑

166. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder.

Benjamin J, Levine J, Fux M, Aviv A, Levy D, Belmaker RH. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(7):1084-1086. doi:10.1176/AJP.152.7.1084.↑

167. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met Polymorphism Differentially Predicts Hippocampal Function in Medication-Free Patients with Schizophrenia.

Eisenberg DP, Ianni AM, Wei SM, et al. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(6):713. doi:10.1038/MP.2012.187. ↑

168. Toxicological significance of azo dye metabolism by human intestinal microbiota.

Feng J, Cerniglia CE, Chen H. Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, AR , USA. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012 Jan 1;4:568-86. ↑

169. Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Kanarek RB. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA. Nutr Rev. 2011 Jul;69(7):385-91. ↑

170. Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives.

Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T, Falk M. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;51(1):86-97.e8.↑

171. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO, Stevenson J. School of Psychology, Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Lancet. 2007 Nov 3;370(9598):1560-7.↑

172. Effect of food azo dye tartrazine on learning and memory functions in mice and rats, and the possible mechanisms involved.

Gao Y, Li C, Shen J, Yin H, An X, Jin H. Scientific and Technological College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai Univ., Yantai, PR China. J Food Sci. 2011 Aug;76(6):T125-9.↑

View All References