If this is your first time using Pulse pre-workout, assess your individual tolerance by mixing 1 scoop with 10-12 ounces of water and drinking it 15-30 minutes prior to exercise. If you experience any non-optimum effects, stop and consult your doctor. If 1 scoop is well tolerated and you want the full clinically effective dose of Legion Pulse, including 350 milligrams of caffeine, mix 2 scoops into 10-12 ounces of water, and drink it 15-30 minutes prior to exercise.

Legion Pulse | Naturally Sweetened Pre-Workout Supplement

Q: How does Pulse compare to other popular pre-workouts?

Compared to other popular pre-workouts, Legion’s pre-workout, Pulse, provides a clean rush of energy with no crash or jitters and an optimal dose of performance-enhancing ingredients to make your workouts significantly more enjoyable and productive. The only stimulant in Pulse pre-workout is a moderate dose of caffeine, and we’ve also included a matching dose of the amino acid theanine, which makes the caffeine rush and “comedown” noticeably smoother and more enjoyable. Other pre-workouts can leave you feeling edgy and burned out.

Q: What type of workouts is Pulse good for?

Pulse pre-workout is good for both anaerobic and aerobic workouts. It's not just for weightlifting but for cardio and endurance training, too. Take Legion Pulse before a weightlifting workout to see benefits like increased strength and muscle endurance. Take it before a cardio session and see benefits like increased intensity and endurance. Whatever type of exercise you do, Legion’s Pulse pre-workout helps you do it better.

Q: Is Pulse pre-workout for men and women?

Pulse is for men and women. Keep in mind that each serving contains 350 milligrams of caffeine, which may be too much for some women (or smaller men). In those cases, ½ of a serving (which contains more active ingredients than a full serving of most other pre-workout supplements) works perfectly. Bottles last longer this way too!

Q: Pulse is too sweet/strong tasting for me. What should I do?

If Legion Pulse is too sweet/strong tasting for you, increase the amount of water you’re using until you find an amount that works for you. (Most people like 8 to 10 ounces.) Also, we continually tweak Pulse’s flavor profile based on customer feedback, so please let us know if you don’t like it. It helps us improve!

Q: How many servings of Pulse can I take in one day?

We recommend you take only one serving of Pulse per day. Research shows that caffeine intake shouldn’t exceed 6 milligrams per kg of body weight per day (about 400 milligrams for the average person), and that most of the benefits are seen at moderate (not excessive) doses.

Q: Does Pulse have any side effects?

The only side effect that sometimes surprises people is a tingling or itching sensation often felt in the hands and face. This is known as paresthesia , and is a harmless side effect of beta-alanine and isn’t an allergic reaction or cause for concern. The reason for this phenomenon is that beta alanine happens to trigger certain neurons present in the skin that also produce feelings of itchiness and warmth.

Q: What does the Prop65 warning on the labels mean?

Our products include a Proposition 65 warning in compliance with California’s regulatory guidelines, which are among the most stringent and sweeping in the world. A Proposition 65 warning does not indicate whether a product is safe or unsafe. Rather, Proposition 65 is a consumer notification law in California that requires warnings to inform consumers about the presence of one or more of over 900 substances in various types of products. These substances include naturally occurring and ubiquitous compounds, even when present at levels below those known to cause harm.

Q: Is Pulse gluten-free, vegetarian, or vegan?

Yes, Pulse is gluten-free, vegetarian, and vegan.

Home / Products / Supplements / Pulse

If you don’t like something of ours, guess what happens next?

No, we don’t request you deliver it to a PO box in the Gobi Desert by carrier pigeon. Nor do we ask you to fill a cursed inkwell with orc’s blood and demon saliva and then use it to complete reams of return forms written in ancient Cyrillic script.

We just . . . wait for it . . . give you every penny of your money back. Holy moo cows. And that means you can say "yes" now and decide later.

Notice to California Consumers

WARNING: Consuming this product can expose you to chemicals including lead which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov/food.

Legion Pulse Ingredients (15.1 grams per serving)

Caffeine (350 milligrams per serving)

Caffeine is a naturally occurring substance found in many plants native to Africa, East Asia, and South America, including various kinds of tea, cocoa, and coffee.

Caffeine’s primary effects in the body are to stimulate the central nervous system and block the activity of another chemical—adenosine—that causes tiredness.

Research shows that supplementation with caffeine . . .

Boosts mood and energy levels[9]
Improves focus, drive, and wakefulness[10][11][12]
Increases metabolic rate[13]
Enhances strength and power[14][15][16][17][18]
Boosts endurance[19][20][21]
Improves anaerobic performance[22][23][24][25][26]

The clinically effective dose of caffeine for enhancing energy, focus, and performance is between 1 and 6 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.[27][28][29]

L-Theanine (350 milligrams per serving)

L-theanine is an amino acid found primarily in tea that helps balance the levels of two chemicals in the brain—glutamate and GABA—that transmit nerve impulses and affect mood, cognitive performance, and more.

Research shows that supplementation with L-theanine . . .

Reduces the effects of mental stress[30]
Promotes relaxation[31]
Improves mood, memory performance, and attention (when paired with caffeine)[32][33][34][35]
Increases the production of nitric oxide (which improves blood flow)[36]

The clinically effective dose of L-theanine when combined with caffeine is between a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 theanine to caffeine.

Citrulline Malate (8 grams per serving)

Citrulline malate is the amino acid L-citrulline bound with malic acid, a substance found in many fruits that is involved in the creation of cellular energy.

L-citrulline turns into another amino acid in the body known as L-arginine, which increases the production of a gas known as nitric oxide that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow.[37][38]

This is why research shows that supplementation with citrulline malate . . .

Improves muscle endurance[39][40][41]
Relieves muscle soreness[42]
Improves aerobic performance[43][44]

The clinically effective dose of citrulline malate is between 4 and 10 grams.

Beta-Alanine (3.6 grams per serving)

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring amino acid that regulates the amount of the molecule carnosine that can be stored in the muscles.[45]

Carnosine reduces muscle acidity, which increases the amount of work that muscles can do before they become fatigued.[46]

This is why research shows that supplementation with beta-alanine . . .

Reduces exercise-induced fatigue[47][48][49][50]
Improves anaerobic exercise capacity[51][52][53][54][55]
Increases potential workload, which can lead to an increase in lean mass[56][57]
Reduces feelings of fatigue during exercise[58][59][60]

The clinically effective dose of beta-alanine is between 2.6 and 6.4 grams.

We chose to include 3.6 grams of beta-alanine per serving because it provides significant performance benefits while also minimizing the common and harmless side effect of a mild prickling, itching, or tingling of the skin.[61]

Alpha-GPC (300 milligrams per serving)

Alpha-glycerophosphocholine (also known as alpha-GPC and glycerophosphocholine) is a compound that contains two molecules known as choline and glycerophosphate.

Choline is a nutrient that’s vital for brain health and function, and glycerophosphate is a substance that helps transport choline to the brain.

When ingested, alpha-GPC increases the activity of a chemical in the brain known as acetylcholine, which is used by nerves to communicate with each other, and provides the brain with glycerophosphate, which can improve its health and function.

This is why research shows that supplementation with alpha-GPC . . .

Increases power output[62]
Mitigates cognitive decline as we age[63]
Increases growth hormone levels[64]

The clinically effective dose of alpha-GPC is between 150 and 1,200 milligrams, with 250 to 500 milligrams sufficient for cognitive benefits.[65]

We chose to include 300 milligrams of alpha-GPC (50%) per serving because it’s enough to provide some benefit without eating up too much budget that we’d rather spend on other ingredients.

Furthermore, this dose reduces the likelihood of headaches in people who are using Pulse and Forge together, and especially in people who are using Pulse, Forge, and Ascend together.

Betaine (2.5 grams per serving)

Betaine (also known as trimethylglycine) is an amino acid found in various foods like beets (hence the name), spinach, and quinoa.

Betaine’s rich in a special molecule known as a methyl group, which is a vital component of many physiological functions, including DNA production, fat metabolism, cellular energy production, and more.

Betaine’s also an osmolyte, which is a substance that helps balance fluid levels inside and outside cells.

These two properties are beneficial during times of physical stress, and this is why studies show that betaine boosts muscle endurance and increases strength.[66][67]

The clinically effective dose of betaine is between 1.25 and 2.5 grams.

Naturally Sweetened and Flavored

While artificial sweeteners may not be as dangerous as some people claim, studies suggest that regular consumption of these chemicals may indeed be harmful to our health.[68][69][70][71][72][73]

That’s why we use natural sweeteners like stevia, erythritol, and monk fruit instead. Research shows that these ingredients are not only safe but can also confer several health benefits, including better nutrient absorption, healthy cholesterol and inflammation levels, and more.[74][75][76][77]

No Artificial Food Dyes or Other Chemical Junk

No Artificial Food Dyes, Fillers, or Other Unnecessary Junk

As with artificial sweeteners, studies show that artificial food dyes and fillers can cause negative effects in some people, including gastrointestinal toxicity and behavioral disorders.[78][79][80][81][82]

That’s why we use natural coloring and flavoring derived from fruits and other foods as well as naturally derived ingredients for improving texture, enhancing shelf life, and facilitating the manufacturing process.

Third-Party Lab Tested for Purity and Potency

Pulse is tested by a state-of-the-art ISO 17025-accredited third-party laboratory for heavy metals, microbes, allergens, and other contaminants to ensure compliance with FDA purity standards.

Third-Party Lab Tested for Potency & Purity

See how Legion Pulse pre-workout compares to the rest.

Active Ingredients
Clinically Effective Ingredients and Doses
Caffeine
Citrulline Malate
Beta-Alanine
Betaine
L-Theanine
Alpha-GPC
Naturally Sweetened
& Flavored
Third-Party Lab Tested
Labdoor Ranking
Price Per Serving

Legion Pulse
Pre-Workout
15,100 mg
per serving
350 mg
per serving
8,000 mg
per serving
3,600 mg
per serving
2,500 mg
per serving
350 mg
per serving
300 mg
per serving
A-
$

Pre JYM
Pre-Workout
20,955 mg
per serving
300 mg
per serving
6,000 mg
per serving
2,000 mg
per serving
1,500 mg
per serving
150 mg
per serving
$1.66

PEScience
Prolific Pre-Workout
10,970 mg
per serving
320 mg
per seving
6,000 mg
per serving
2,500 mg
per serving
200 mg
per serving
$1.75

C4
Pre-Workout
4,025 mg
pre serving
150 mg
per serving
1,600 mg
per serving
C-
$1.00

The #1 brand of naturally sweetened and flavored sports supplements.

We’ve sold over 5 million bags and bottles to over 1 million customers in 169 countries who have left us over 55,000 5-star reviews.

Clinically Effective Ingredients and Doses

Every active ingredient, form, and dose in Pulse is backed by peer-reviewed scientific research demonstrating clear benefits in healthy humans.

Naturally Sweetened and Flavored

Pulse is naturally sweetened with stevia and erythritol and naturally flavored with extracts from fruit, vegetables, plants and other foods.

Total Label Transparency

We clearly list the dose of each ingredient on our Pulse label—no proprietary blends or hidden ingredients—so you can verify our formulation’s validity and effectiveness.

Third-Party Lab Tested by Labdoor™

Pulse is tested for purity and potency in an ISO 17025-accredited third-party laboratory, and independently certified to contain no contaminants or banned substances by Labdoor™.

Made in the USA

Pulse is made in America with globally sourced ingredients in NSF-certified, FDA-inspected facilities that adhere to Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) standards.

100% Money-Back Guarantee

If you don't absolutely love Pulse, you get a prompt and courteous refund. No forms or returns necessary.

Trusted by scientists, doctors, and everyday fitness folk alike.

"Legion is science-based at its core. Not only do they dose all of their products based on the clinical doses proven to be effective by scientific studies, they go above and beyond the their competitors by funding new research."

Dr. Bill Campbell, PhD
Professor of Exercise Science at University of South Florida
"There are a lot of sleazy supplement companies out there, but Legion is not one of them. Their products are free of fillers and inactive ingredients and they take the time (and money) to test them with independent labs to ensure you're getting what you pay for."

Dr. Spencer Nadolsky, MD
Board-Certified Family Medicine Physician and a Diplomate of the American Board of Obesity Medicine
"When it comes to quality and integrity, Legion is among the best. Their products only include ingredients that are backed by research and in doses that are proven to be effective in scientific studies."

Sal Di Stefano, Justin Andrews, and Adam Schafer
Hosts of The Mind Pump Podcast
"Legion is a tremendous company run by people I trust and respect. The quality of their supplements is second to no one. And while I don’t use many supplements, the only ones I do come from Legion."

Jordan Syatt
Strength and Nutrition Coach
"Legion consults with nutrition experts to make honest, science-based products and then proves they're genuine with independent lab work. That's how all supplement companies should operate."

Menno Henselmans, MS
Founder of Bayesian Bodybuilding, Published Scientist, and Physique Coach
"Legion's customers are getting some of the best sports supplements on the market."
"Legion Pulse is the best overall pre-workout, especially for energy and focus."
"Legion Pulse is the best pre-workout of 2024."

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I use Pulse?

How does Pulse compare to other popular pre-workouts?

What type of workouts is Pulse good for?

Is Pulse pre-workout for men and women?

Pulse is too sweet/strong tasting for me. What should I do?

How many servings of Pulse can I take in one day?

Does Pulse have any side effects?

What does the Prop65 warning on the labels mean?

Is Pulse gluten-free, vegetarian, or vegan?

View All FAQs

+References

Some popular pre-workouts are naturally sweetened and flavored. Some contain the right mix of high-quality ingredients. Some provide clinically effective doses. But only Pulse checks each of these boxes. ↑

While artificial sweeteners may not be as dangerous as some people claim, studies suggest that regular consumption of these chemicals may indeed be harmful to our health. That’s why we use natural sweeteners stevia and erythritol instead.↑

Pulse contains the exact ingredients, forms, and doses used in peer-reviewed scientific research demonstrating the desired benefits.↑

Each active ingredient in Pulse is backed by published scientific studies that show benefits in healthy humans.↑

Pulse contains no harsh stimulants that wind you up and burn you out. Instead, it contains a 1:1 ratio of caffeine and L-theanine, which produces a smooth energy rush and comfortable comedown.↑

That’s 508 pages of scientific research that shows Pulse works the way we say it does.↑

How?

1. By using only premium ingredients sourced from recognized and reputable suppliers and third-party tested for purity and potency.

2. By using larger (clinically effective) amounts of fewer ingredients rather than tiny (ineffective) amounts of many ingredients. ↑

Every bottle of Pulse is guaranteed to provide exactly what the label claims and nothing else—no heavy metals, microbes, allergens, or other contaminants.↑

While these types of chemicals may not be as dangerous as some people claim, studies suggest that regular consumption of them may indeed be harmful to our health.

↑

9. Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine.

Spriet LL. Sports Med. 2014;44 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S175-S184. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0257-8. ↑

10. A review of caffeine's effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance.

McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:294-312. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001. ↑

11. Caffeine to optimize cognitive function for military mission-readiness: a systematic review and recommendations for the field.

Crawford C, Teo L, Lafferty L, et al. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(suppl_2):17-35. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux007. ↑

12. Caffeine improves reaction time, vigilance and logical reasoning during extended periods with restricted opportunities for sleep.

Kamimori GH, McLellan TM, Tate CM, Voss DM, Niro P, Lieberman HR. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015;232(12):2031-2042. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3834-5. ↑

13. Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers.

Astrup A, Toubro S, Cannon S, Hein P, Breum L, Madsen J. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51(5):759-767. doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.5.759. ↑

14. The acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capabilities.

Beck TW, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO, Housh DJ, Coburn JW, Malek MH. Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. J Strength Cond Res. 2006 Aug;20(3):506-10. ↑

15. Effect of caffeine ingestion on muscular strength and endurance: a meta-analysis.

Warren GL, Park ND, Maresca RD, McKibans KI, Millard-Stafford ML. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(7):1375-1387. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181cabbd8.↑

16. The effects of caffeine ingestion on isokinetic muscular strength: A meta-analysis.

Grgic J, Pickering C. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(3):353-360. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.016.↑

17. Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Grgic J, Trexler ET, Lazinica B, Pedisic Z. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15:11. Published 2018 Mar 5. doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0216-0.↑

18. Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis.

Grgic J. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(2):219-225. doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1394371.↑

19. The acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capabilities.

20. Effect of caffeine ingestion on muscular strength and endurance: a meta-analysis.

Warren GL, Park ND, Maresca RD, McKibans KI, Millard-Stafford ML. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(7):1375-1387. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181cabbd8.↑

21. Acute effect of caffeine consumption on isotonic muscular strength and endurance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Polito MD, Souza DB, Casonatto J, Farinatti P. Sci Sports. 2016;31(3):119-128. doi:10.1016/J.SCISPO.2016.01.006.↑

22. The acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capabilities.

23. Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: a systematic review.

Ganio MS, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(1):315-324. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818b979a.↑

24. Establishing a relationship between the effect of caffeine and duration of endurance athletic time trial events: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Shen JG, Brooks MB, Cincotta J, Manjourides JD. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(2):232-238. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.022.↑

25. The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Southward K, Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ, Ali A. [published correction appears in Sports Med. 2018 Aug 9;:]. Sports Med. 2018;48(8):1913-1928. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0939-8.↑

26. The effects of different doses of caffeine on endurance cycling time trial performance.

Desbrow B, Biddulph C, Devlin B, Grant GD, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Leveritt MD. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(2):115-120. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.632431.↑

27. Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: a systematic review.

Ganio MS, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(1):315-324. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818b979a.↑

28. A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance.

McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:294-312. doi:10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2016.09.001. ↑

29. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.

Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, et al. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1). doi:10.1186/S12970-020-00383-4. ↑

30. L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses.

Kimura K, Ozeki M, Juneja LR, Ohira H. Biol Psychol. 2007;74(1):39-45. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.006.↑

31. In Search of a Safe Natural Sleep Aid.

Rao TP, Ozeki M, Juneja LR. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(5):436-447. doi:10.1080/07315724.2014.926153.↑

32. Psychological effects of dietary components of tea: caffeine and L-theanine.

Bryan J. School of Psychology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, South Australia, Australia. Nutr Rev. 2008 Feb;66(2):82-90. ↑

33. L-theanine and caffeine improve task switching but not intersensory attention or subjective alertness.

Einöther SJ, Martens VE, Rycroft JA, De Bruin EA. Sensation, Perception & Behaviour, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. Appetite. 2010 Apr;54(2):406-9. ↑

34. The effects of L-theanine on alpha-band oscillatory brain activity during a visuo-spatial attention task.

Gomez-Ramirez M, Kelly SP, Montesi JL, Foxe JJ. Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA. Brain Topogr. 2009 Jun;22(1):44-51. ↑

35. l-Theanine and caffeine improve target-specific attention to visual stimuli by decreasing mind wandering: a human functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Kahathuduwa CN, Dhanasekara CS, Chin S-H, et al. Nutr Res. 2018;49:67-78. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2017.11.002.↑

36. L-theanine promotes nitric oxide production in endothelial cells through eNOS phosphorylation.

Siamwala JH, Dias PM, Majumder S, Joshi MK, Sinkar VP, Banerjee G, Chatterjee S. Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, MIT Campus, Chennai, India. J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Mar;24(3):595-605. ↑

37. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function (Articulo de revision).

Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):829-837, 837a-837d. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304.↑

38. Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS.

Zhao Y, Vanhoutte PM, Leung SWS. J Pharmacol Sci. 2015;129(2):83-94. doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.002.↑

39. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.

Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Department of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1215-22. ↑

40. Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females.

Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart RW, Moyen NE. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(2):775-784. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1124-6.↑

41. Acute citrulline-malate supplementation improves maximal strength and anaerobic power in female, masters athletes tennis players.

Glenn JM, Gray M, Jensen A, Stone MS, Vincenzo JL. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(8):1095-1103. doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1158321.↑

42. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.

Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Department of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1215-22. ↑

43. Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle.

Bendahan D, Mattei JP, Ghattas B, Confort-Gouny S, Le Guern ME, Cozzone PJ. Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, France. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Aug;36(4):282-9. ↑

44. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study.

Suzuki T, Morita M, Kobayashi Y, Kamimura A. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:6. doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0117-z.↑

45. Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius.

Dunnett M, Harris RC. Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1999 Jul;(30):499-504. ↑

46. The biological role of carnosine and its possible applications in medicine.

Budzeń S, Rymaszewska J. Adv Clin Exp Med. 22(5):739-744.↑

47. beta-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters.

Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris RC, Pottier A, Reyngoudt H, Koppo K, Wise JA, Achten E. Dept. of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent Univ, Belgium. J Appl Physiol. 2007 Nov;103(5):1736-43. ↑

48. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women.

Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, Torok D, Costa P, Hoffman JR, Harris RC, O'Kroy J. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. Amino Acids. 2007;32(3):381-6. ↑

49. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 Years): a double-blind randomized study.

Stout JR, Graves BS, Smith AE, Hartman MJ, Cramer JT, Beck TW, Harris RC. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008 Nov 7;5:21. ↑

50. Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players.

Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Ross R, Kang J, Stout JR, Wise JA. Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA. Nutr Res. 2008 Jan;28(1):31-5. ↑

51. Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity.

Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Harris BD, Sale C, Boobis LH, Kim CK, Wise JA. School of Sports, Exercise & Health Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):225-33. ↑

52. Effect of β-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacity.

Sale C, Saunders B, Hudson S, Wise JA, Harris RC, Sunderland CD. Biomedical, Life and Health Sciences Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Oct;43(10):1972-8. ↑

53. Six weeks of high-intensity interval training with and without beta-alanine supplementation for improving cardiovascular fitness in women.

Walter AA, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Stout JR, Cramer JT. Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1199-207. ↑

54. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial.

Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fukuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009 Feb 11;6:5. ↑

55. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis.

Hobson RM, Saunders B, Ball G, Harris RC, Sale C. Biomedical, Life and Health Sciences Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, UK. Amino Acids. 2012 Jul;43(1):25-37. ↑

56. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players.

Kern BD, Robinson TL. Human Performance and Physical Education Department, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Jul;25(7):1804-15. ↑

57. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial.

58. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women.

59. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 Years): a double-blind randomized study.

60. Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players.

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66. The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance, skeletal muscle oxygen saturation and associated biochemical parameters in resistance trained men.

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