Our "No Return Necessary"
Money-Back Guarantee

If you don’t like something of ours, guess what happens next?

No, we don’t request you deliver it to a PO box in the Gobi Desert by carrier pigeon. Nor do we ask you to fill a cursed inkwell with orc’s blood and demon saliva and then use it to complete reams of return forms written in ancient Cyrillic script.

We just . . . wait for it . . . give you your money back. Holy moo cows. And that means you can say "yes" now and decide later.

Is Pulse “PRs in a bottle?”

No.

Will it add another plate or two to the bar?

Absolutely not.

But will Pulse help you train harder, go longer, and finish stronger?

Yes. Or your money back.

  • Total formulation transparency (no proprietary blends)[9] This means you know exactly what’s in every serving of Pulse—every dose of every ingredient—and can verify the accuracy and efficacy of the formulation.
  • Certified to contain no banned substances by Labdoor, the gold standard of third-party lab testing[10] Before you buy a sports supplement, you should know that it's clean, safe, and transparent. And that's exactly what Labdoor's third-party testing and certification means.
  • Made in the USA with globally sourced ingredients in NSF-certified and FDA-inspected and cGMP-compliant facilities

Pulse is also backed by our “No Return Necessary” money-back guarantee that works like this:

If you don’t absolutely love Pulse, just let us know, and we’ll give you a full refund on the spot. No forms or return necessary.

So order now, try Pulse risk free, and see for yourself why it’s one of the most popular naturally sweetened and flavored pre-workout supplements in the world (over 2 million bottles sold and counting!).

Is Pulse “PRs in a bottle?”

No.

Will it add another plate or two to the bar?

Absolutely not.

But is Pulse the only[1] Some popular stim-free pre-workouts are naturally sweetened and flavored. Some contain the right mix of high-quality ingredients. Some provide clinically effective doses. But only Pulse checks each of these boxes. naturally sweetened and flavored[2] While artificial sweeteners may not be as dangerous as some people claim, studies suggest that regular consumption of these chemicals may indeed be harmful to our health. That’s why we use the natural sweeteners stevia and erythritol instead. stimulant-free pre-workout supplement with clinically effective doses[3] Every serving of Pulse contains 14.4 grams of active ingredients that have been shown to be safe and effective in peer-reviewed scientific research. of 4 ingredients scientifically shown[4] Every active ingredient in Pulse is backed by published scientific studies that show benefits in healthy humans. to increase strength and stamina and reduce fatigue and without the jitters, upset stomach, or post-workout crash?[5] Stim-free Pulse contains no stimulants of any kind, so it won’t wind you up and burn you out.

And will it help you train harder, go longer, and finish stronger?

Yes. Or your money back.

  • 45 peer-reviewed scientific studies support Pulse’s ingredients and doses[6] That’s 436 pages of scientific research that shows Pulse works the way we say it does.
  • Contains no caffeine, artificial sweeteners, flavors, food dyes, or other unnecessary junk[7] While these types of chemicals may not be as dangerous as some people claim, studies suggest that regular consumption of them may indeed be harmful to our health. And that’s why you won’t find them in Pulse.
  • Analyzed for purity and potency in a state-of-the-art ISO 17025 accredited lab[8] Before you buy a sports supplement, you should know that it's clean, safe, and transparent. And that's exactly what Labdoor's third-party testing and certification means.
  • Total formulation transparency (no proprietary blends)[9] This means you know exactly what’s in every serving of Pulse—every dose of every ingredient—and can verify the accuracy and efficacy of the formulation.
  • Certified to contain no banned substances by Labdoor™, the gold standard of third-party lab testing[10] Before you buy a sports supplement, you should know that it's clean, safe, and transparent. And that's exactly what Labdoor's third-party testing and certification means.
  • Made in the USA with globally sourced ingredients in NSF-certified and FDA-inspected and cGMP-compliant facilities

Pulse is also backed by our “No Return Necessary” money-back guarantee that works like this:

If you don’t absolutely love Pulse, just let us know, and we’ll give you a full refund on the spot. No forms or return necessary.

So order now, try Pulse risk free, and see for yourself why it’s one of the most popular naturally sweetened and flavored pre-workout supplements in the world (over 2 million bottles sold and counting!).

Notice to California Consumers

WARNING: Consuming this product can expose you to chemicals including lead which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov/food.

Legion Stim-Free Pulse Ingredients (14.4 grams per serving)

Citrulline Malate (8 grams per serving)

Citrulline malate is the amino acid L-citrulline bound with malic acid, a substance found in many fruits that is involved in the creation of cellular energy.

L-citrulline turns into another amino acid in the body known as L-arginine, which increases the production of a gas known as nitric oxide that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow.[11][12]

This is why research shows that supplementation with citrulline malate . . .

The clinically effective dose of citrulline malate is between 4 and 10 grams.

Citrulline Malate

Beta-Alanine (3.6 grams per serving)

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring amino acid that regulates the amount of the molecule carnosine that can be stored in the muscles.[19]

Carnosine reduces muscle acidity, which increases the amount of work that muscles can do before they become fatigued.[20]

This is why research shows that supplementation with beta-alanine . . .

The clinically effective dose of beta-alanine is between 2.6 and 6.4 grams.

We chose to include 3.6 grams of beta-alanine per serving because it provides significant performance benefits while also minimizing the common and harmless side effect of a mild prickling, itching, or tingling of the skin.[35]

CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine

Alpha-GPC (300 milligrams per serving)

Alpha-glycerophosphocholine (also known as alpha-GPC and glycerophosphocholine) is a compound that contains two molecules known as choline and glycerophosphate.

Choline is a nutrient that’s vital for brain health and function, and glycerophosphate is a substance that helps transport choline to the brain.

When ingested, alpha-GPC increases the activity of a chemical in the brain known as acetylcholine, which is used by nerves to communicate with each other, and provides the brain with glycerophosphate, which can improve its health and function.

This is why research shows that supplementation with alpha-GPC . . .

  • Increases power output[36]
  • Mitigates cognitive decline as we age[37]
  • Increases growth hormone levels[38]

The clinically effective dose of alpha-GPC is between 150 and 1,200 milligrams, with 250 to 500 milligrams sufficient for cognitive benefits.[39]

We chose to include 300 milligrams of alpha-GPC (50%) per serving because it’s enough to provide some benefit without eating up too much budget that we’d rather spend on other ingredients.

Furthermore, this dose reduces the likelihood of headaches in people who are using stim-free Pulse and Forge together, and especially in people who are using stim-free Pulse, Forge, and Ascend together.

AlphaSize® Alpha-GPC

Betaine (2.5 grams per serving)

Betaine (also known as trimethylglycine) is an amino acid found in various foods like beets (hence the name), spinach, and quinoa.

Betaine’s rich in a special molecule known as a methyl group, which is a vital component of many physiological functions, including DNA production, fat metabolism, cellular energy production, and more.

Betaine’s also an osmolyte, which is a substance that helps balance fluid levels inside and outside cells.

These two properties are beneficial during times of physical stress, and this is why studies show that betaine boosts muscle endurance and increases strength.[40][41]

The clinically effective dose of betaine is between 1.25 and 2.5 grams.

Betaine

Naturally Sweetened & Flavored

While artificial sweeteners may not be as dangerous as some people claim, studies suggest that regular consumption of these chemicals may indeed be harmful to our health.[42][43][44][45][46][47]

That’s why we use the natural sweeteners stevia and erythritol instead. Studies show that these ingredients are not only safe but can also confer several health benefits, including better nutrient absorption, healthy cholesterol and inflammation levels, and more.[48][49][50][51]

No Artificial Food Dyes or Other Chemical Junk

No Artificial Food Dyes, Fillers, or Other Unnecessary Junk

As with artificial sweeteners, artificial food dyes aren’t a hazard per se, but studies show they can cause negative effects in some people, including gastrointestinal toxicity and behavioral disorders.[52][53][54][55][56]

That’s why we use natural flavoring and coloring derived from fruits, plants and other foods.

No Artificial Food Dyes or Other Chemical Junk

Third-Party Lab Tested for Potency & Purity

Every bottle of Pulse is analyzed in a state-of-the-art ISO 17025 accredited lab to verify what is and isn’t in it. That way, you know exactly what you’re getting and putting into your body.

Third-Party Lab Tested for Potency & Purity
Pulse Lab Test

See how Legion stim-free Pulse compares to the rest.

  • Active Ingredients
  • Clinically Effective Ingredients & Doses
  • Citrulline Malate
  • Beta-Alanine
  • Betaine
  • Alpha-GPC
  • Naturally Sweetened
    & Flavored
  • Third-Party Lab Tested
  • Labdoor Ranking
  • Price Per Serving
  • Legion Stim-Free
    Pulse Pre-Workout

    Recharge
  • 14,400 mg
    per serving
  • True
  • 8,000 mg
    per serving
  • 3,600 mg
    per serving
  • 2,500 mg
    per serving
  • 300 mg
    per serving
  • True
  • True
  • A-
  • $
  • Pre-Kaged
    Stimulant Free

    Post JYM Post-Workout
  • 23,050 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • 6,500 mg
    per serving
  • 1,600 mg
    per serving
  • 2,500 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • False
  • Question Mark
  • False
  • $1.99
  • PEScience
    High Volume

    PEScience TruCreatine+
  • 10,750 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • 4,000 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • False
  • False
  • False
  • Question Mark
  • False
  • $1.94
  • C4
    NO3 Ultimate

    Cellucor M5 Ultimate
  • 7,180 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • 4,000 mg
    per serving
  • False
  • False
  • False
  • False
  • Question Mark
  • False
  • $1.99

The #1 brand of all-natural sports supplements.

Over 5+ million bottles sold to over 1+ million customers who have left us over 45,000 5-star reviews.

Clinically Effective Ingredients & Doses
Clinically Effective Ingredients & Doses

Every ingredient and dose (important!) in stim-free Pulse is backed by peer-reviewed scientific research demonstrating clear benefits.

Naturally Sweetened & Flavored
Naturally Sweetened & Flavored

Stim-free Pulse uses natural flavoring and coloring derived from fruits, plants and other foods.

Total Label Transparency
Total Label Transparency

This means you know exactly what’s in every serving of stim-free Pulse—every dose of every ingredient—and can verify the accuracy and efficacy of the formulation.

Lab Tested
Third-Party Lab Tested

Stim-free Pulse is tested by third-party labs for heavy metals, microbes, allergens, and other contaminants to ensure it meets FDA purity standards.

Made in USA
Made in the USA

Stim-free Pulse is made in America with globally sourced ingredients in NSF-certified, FDA-inspected facilities that adhere to Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) standards.

100% Money-Back-Guarantee
"No Return Necessary"
100% Money-Back-Guarantee

If you don't absolutely love stim-free Pulse, you get a prompt and courteous refund. No forms or returns necessary.

Trusted by scientists, doctors, and everyday fitness folk alike.

Previous
  • Sal Di Stefano, Justin Andrews, and Adam Schafer

    "When it comes to quality and integrity, Legion is among the best. Their products only include ingredients that are backed by research and in doses that are proven to be effective in scientific studies."

    Sal Di Stefano, Justin Andrews, and Adam Schafer

    Hosts of The Mind Pump Podcast
  • Dr. Bill Campbell, PhD

    "Legion is science-based at its core. Not only do they dose all of their products based on the clinical doses proven to be effective by scientific studies, they go above and beyond the their competitors by funding new research."

    Dr. Bill Campbell, PhD

    Professor of Exercise Science at University of South Florida
  • Jordan Syatt

    "Legion is a tremendous company run by people I trust and respect. The quality of their supplements is second to no one. And while I don’t use many supplements, the only ones I do come from Legion."

    Jordan Syatt

    Strength and Nutrition Coach
  • Dr. Spencer Nadolsky, MD

    "There are a lot of sleazy supplement companies out there, but Legion is not one of them. Their products are free of fillers and inactive ingredients and they take the time (and money) to test them with independent labs to ensure you're getting what you pay for."

    Dr. Spencer Nadolsky, MD

    Board-Certified Family Medicine Physician and a Diplomate of the American Board of Obesity Medicine
  • Menno Henselmans, MS

    "Legion consults with nutrition experts to make honest, science-based products and then proves they're genuine with independent lab work. That's how all supplement companies should operate."

    Menno Henselmans, MS

    Founder of Bayesian Bodybuilding, Published Scientist, and Physique Coach
  • Kurtis Frank

    "With Legion, you really do get what you pay for. Each and every product is packed with effective doses of effective ingredients, and what’s on the label is what's actually in the bottle."

    Kurtis Frank

    Co-Founder and Former Lead Researcher & Writer of Examine.com
  • James Krieger, MS

    "There are three reasons I like Legion. First, they use ingredients backed by independent, peer-reviewed scientific studies. Second, the quality of their supplements exceeds many in the industry and you know you’re getting what’s on the label. Third, Mike Matthews is a solid evidence-based guy who doesn’t over-hype."

    James Krieger, MS

    Published Scientist, Author, and Speaker
  • Chris Barakat, MS

    "Legion is the only company doing everything right. They make effective products that are backed by scientific evidence, properly dose all of their ingredients, source every ingredient from the highest-quality sources, and are transparent about exactly what goes in each and every product."

    Chris Barakat, MS

    Published Scientist and Physique Coach
Next

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I use stim-free Pulse pre-workout?
What type of workouts is stim-free Pulse good for?
Is stim-free Pulse suitable for women?
Does stim-free Pulse have any side effects?
Stim-free Pulse is too sweet/strong tasting for me. What should I do?
How many servings of stim-free Pulse can I take in one day?
What does the Prop65 warning on the labels mean?
Is stim-free Pulse gluten-free, vegetarian, or vegan?

+References

10.

Before you buy a sports supplement, you should know that it's clean, safe, and transparent. And that's exactly what Labdoor's third-party testing and certification means.

11. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function (Articulo de revision).

Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):829-837, 837a-837d. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr304.

12. Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS.

Zhao Y, Vanhoutte PM, Leung SWS. J Pharmacol Sci. 2015;129(2):83-94. doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.002.

13. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.

Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Department of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1215-22.

14. Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females.

Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart RW, Moyen NE. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(2):775-784. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1124-6.

15. Acute citrulline-malate supplementation improves maximal strength and anaerobic power in female, masters athletes tennis players.

Glenn JM, Gray M, Jensen A, Stone MS, Vincenzo JL. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(8):1095-1103. doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1158321.

16. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness.

Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Department of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1215-22.

17. Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle.

Bendahan D, Mattei JP, Ghattas B, Confort-Gouny S, Le Guern ME, Cozzone PJ. Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, France. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Aug;36(4):282-9.

18. Oral L-citrulline supplementation enhances cycling time trial performance in healthy trained men: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study.

Suzuki T, Morita M, Kobayashi Y, Kamimura A. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:6. doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0117-z.

19. Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius.

Dunnett M, Harris RC. Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1999 Jul;(30):499-504.

20. The biological role of carnosine and its possible applications in medicine.

Budzeń S, Rymaszewska J. Adv Clin Exp Med. 22(5):739-744.

21. beta-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters.

Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris RC, Pottier A, Reyngoudt H, Koppo K, Wise JA, Achten E. Dept. of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent Univ, Belgium. J Appl Physiol. 2007 Nov;103(5):1736-43.

22. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women.

Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, Torok D, Costa P, Hoffman JR, Harris RC, O'Kroy J. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. Amino Acids. 2007;32(3):381-6.

23. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 Years): a double-blind randomized study.

Stout JR, Graves BS, Smith AE, Hartman MJ, Cramer JT, Beck TW, Harris RC. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008 Nov 7;5:21.

24. Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players.

Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Ross R, Kang J, Stout JR, Wise JA. Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA. Nutr Res. 2008 Jan;28(1):31-5.

25. Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity.

Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Harris BD, Sale C, Boobis LH, Kim CK, Wise JA. School of Sports, Exercise & Health Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK. Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):225-33.

26. Effect of β-alanine plus sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity cycling capacity.

Sale C, Saunders B, Hudson S, Wise JA, Harris RC, Sunderland CD. Biomedical, Life and Health Sciences Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Oct;43(10):1972-8.

27. Six weeks of high-intensity interval training with and without beta-alanine supplementation for improving cardiovascular fitness in women.

Walter AA, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Stout JR, Cramer JT. Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1199-207.

28. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial.

Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fukuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009 Feb 11;6:5.

29. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis.

Hobson RM, Saunders B, Ball G, Harris RC, Sale C. Biomedical, Life and Health Sciences Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, UK. Amino Acids. 2012 Jul;43(1):25-37.

30. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players.

Kern BD, Robinson TL. Human Performance and Physical Education Department, Adams State College, Alamosa, Colorado, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Jul;25(7):1804-15.

31. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial.

Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fukuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009 Feb 11;6:5.

32. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women.

Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, Torok D, Costa P, Hoffman JR, Harris RC, O'Kroy J. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. Amino Acids. 2007;32(3):381-6.

33. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 Years): a double-blind randomized study.

Stout JR, Graves BS, Smith AE, Hartman MJ, Cramer JT, Beck TW, Harris RC. Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008 Nov 7;5:21.

34. Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players.

Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Ross R, Kang J, Stout JR, Wise JA. Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA. Nutr Res. 2008 Jan;28(1):31-5.

35. The effect of two β-alanine dosing strategies on 30-minute rowing performance: a randomized, controlled trial.

Beasley L, Smith L, Antonio J, Gordon D, Johnstone J, Roberts J. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018 Dec 18;15(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0266-3.

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Ziegenfuss T, Landis J, Hofheins J. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008;5(Suppl 1):P15. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-S1-P15.

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Kawamura T, Okubo T, Sato K, et al. Nutrition. 2012;28(11-12):1122-1126. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.011

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Trepanowski JF, Farney TM, McCarthy CG, Schilling BK, Craig SA, Bloomer RJ. Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Dec;25(12):3461-71.

41. Ergogenic effects of betaine supplementation on strength and power performance.

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42. Artificial Sweeteners: History and New Concepts on Inflammation.

Basson AR, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F. Front Nutr. 2021;8:746247. Published 2021 Sep 24. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.746247.

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45. Artificial Sweeteners Negatively Regulate Pathogenic Characteristics of Two Model Gut Bacteria, E. coli and E. faecalis.

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47. High-intensity sweetener consumption and gut microbiome content and predicted gene function in a cross-sectional study of adults in the United States.

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49. Antioxidant, anti-diabetic and renal protective properties of Stevia rebaudiana.

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51. Effects of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) extract and N-nitro-L-arginine on renal function and ultrastructure of kidney cells in experimental type 2 Diabetes.

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52. Toxicological significance of azo dye metabolism by human intestinal microbiota.

Feng J, Cerniglia CE, Chen H. Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, AR , USA. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2012 Jan 1;4:568-86.

53. Artificial food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Kanarek RB. Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA. Nutr Rev. 2011 Jul;69(7):385-91.

54. Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives.

Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T, Falk M. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;51(1):86-97.e8.

55. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO, Stevenson J. School of Psychology, Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Lancet. 2007 Nov 3;370(9598):1560-7.

56. Effect of food azo dye tartrazine on learning and memory functions in mice and rats, and the possible mechanisms involved.

Gao Y, Li C, Shen J, Yin H, An X, Jin H. Scientific and Technological College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai Univ., Yantai, PR China. J Food Sci. 2011 Aug;76(6):T125-9.